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* Add psql variables to track success/failure of SQL queries.Tom Lane2017-09-12
| | | | | | | | | | | This patch adds ERROR, SQLSTATE, and ROW_COUNT, which are updated after every query, as well as LAST_ERROR_MESSAGE and LAST_ERROR_SQLSTATE, which are updated only when a query fails. The expected usage of these is for scripting. Fabien Coelho, reviewed by Pavel Stehule Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/alpine.DEB.2.20.1704042158020.12290@lancre
* Add \gdesc psql command.Tom Lane2017-09-05
| | | | | | | | | | | | | This command acts somewhat like \g, but instead of executing the query buffer, it merely prints a description of the columns that the query result would have. (Of course, this still requires parsing the query; if parse analysis fails, you get an error anyway.) We accomplish this using an unnamed prepared statement, which should be invisible to psql users. Pavel Stehule, reviewed by Fabien Coelho Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAFj8pRBhYVvO34FU=EKb=nAF5t3b++krKt1FneCmR0kuF5m-QA@mail.gmail.com
* In psql, use PSQL_PAGER in preference to PAGER, if it's set.Tom Lane2017-09-05
| | | | | | | | | | This allows the user's environment to set up a psql-specific choice of pager, in much the same way that we provide PSQL_EDITOR to allow a psql-specific override of the more widely known EDITOR variable. Pavel Stehule, reviewed by Thomas Munro Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAFj8pRD3RRk9S1eRbnGm_T6brc3Ss5mohraNzTSJquzx+pmtKA@mail.gmail.com
* Add psql variables showing server version and psql version.Tom Lane2017-09-05
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We already had a psql variable VERSION that shows the verbose form of psql's own version. Add VERSION_NAME to show the short form (e.g., "11devel") and VERSION_NUM to show the numeric form (e.g., 110000). Also add SERVER_VERSION_NAME and SERVER_VERSION_NUM to show the short and numeric forms of the server's version. (We'd probably add SERVER_VERSION with the verbose string if it were readily available; but adding another network round trip to get it seems too expensive.) The numeric forms, in particular, are expected to be useful for scripting purposes, now that psql can do conditional tests. Fabien Coelho, reviewed by Pavel Stehule Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/alpine.DEB.2.20.1704020917220.4632@lancre
* Reformat psql's --help=variables output.Tom Lane2017-09-05
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The previous format with variable names and descriptions in separate columns was extremely constraining about the length of the descriptions. We'd dealt with that in several inconsistent ways over the years, including letting the lines run over 80 characters, breaking descriptions into multiple lines, or shoving the description onto a separate line. But it's been a long time since the output could realistically fit onto a single screen vertically, so let's just rely even more heavily on the pager to deal with the vertical distance, and split each entry into two (or more) lines, in the format variable-name variable description goes here Each variable name + description remains a single translatable string, in hopes of reducing translator confusion; we're just changing the embedded whitespace. I failed to resist the temptation to copy-edit one or two of the descriptions while at it. Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2947.1504542679@sss.pgh.pa.us
* psql documentation fixesPeter Eisentraut2017-07-04
| | | | | | | | Update the documentation for \pset to mention columns|linestyle|pager_min_lines. Add various mentions of \pset command equivalences that were previously inconsistent. Author: Дилян Палаузов <dpa-postgres@aegee.org>
* Phase 3 of pgindent updates.Tom Lane2017-06-21
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Don't move parenthesized lines to the left, even if that means they flow past the right margin. By default, BSD indent lines up statement continuation lines that are within parentheses so that they start just to the right of the preceding left parenthesis. However, traditionally, if that resulted in the continuation line extending to the right of the desired right margin, then indent would push it left just far enough to not overrun the margin, if it could do so without making the continuation line start to the left of the current statement indent. That makes for a weird mix of indentations unless one has been completely rigid about never violating the 80-column limit. This behavior has been pretty universally panned by Postgres developers. Hence, disable it with indent's new -lpl switch, so that parenthesized lines are always lined up with the preceding left paren. This patch is much less interesting than the first round of indent changes, but also bulkier, so I thought it best to separate the effects. Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/E1dAmxK-0006EE-1r@gemulon.postgresql.org Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/30527.1495162840@sss.pgh.pa.us
* Phase 2 of pgindent updates.Tom Lane2017-06-21
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Change pg_bsd_indent to follow upstream rules for placement of comments to the right of code, and remove pgindent hack that caused comments following #endif to not obey the general rule. Commit e3860ffa4dd0dad0dd9eea4be9cc1412373a8c89 wasn't actually using the published version of pg_bsd_indent, but a hacked-up version that tried to minimize the amount of movement of comments to the right of code. The situation of interest is where such a comment has to be moved to the right of its default placement at column 33 because there's code there. BSD indent has always moved right in units of tab stops in such cases --- but in the previous incarnation, indent was working in 8-space tab stops, while now it knows we use 4-space tabs. So the net result is that in about half the cases, such comments are placed one tab stop left of before. This is better all around: it leaves more room on the line for comment text, and it means that in such cases the comment uniformly starts at the next 4-space tab stop after the code, rather than sometimes one and sometimes two tabs after. Also, ensure that comments following #endif are indented the same as comments following other preprocessor commands such as #else. That inconsistency turns out to have been self-inflicted damage from a poorly-thought-through post-indent "fixup" in pgindent. This patch is much less interesting than the first round of indent changes, but also bulkier, so I thought it best to separate the effects. Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/E1dAmxK-0006EE-1r@gemulon.postgresql.org Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/30527.1495162840@sss.pgh.pa.us
* Put documentation of options and commands in more alphabetical orderPeter Eisentraut2017-06-14
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* Support \if ... \elif ... \else ... \endif in psql scripting.Tom Lane2017-03-30
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This patch adds nestable conditional blocks to psql. The control structure feature per se is complete, but the boolean expressions understood by \if and \elif are pretty primitive; basically, after variable substitution and backtick expansion, the result has to be "true" or "false" or one of the other standard spellings of a boolean value. But that's enough for many purposes, since you can always do the heavy lifting on the server side; and we can extend it later. Along the way, pay down some of the technical debt that had built up around psql/command.c: * Refactor exec_command() into a function per command, instead of being a 1500-line monstrosity. This makes the file noticeably longer because of repetitive function header/trailer overhead, but it seems much more readable. * Teach psql_get_variable() and psqlscanslash.l to suppress variable substitution and backtick expansion on the basis of the conditional stack state, thereby allowing removal of the OT_NO_EVAL kluge. * Fix the no-doubt-once-expedient hack of sometimes silently substituting mainloop.c's previous_buf for query_buf when calling HandleSlashCmds. (It's a bit remarkable that commands like \r worked at all with that.) Recall of a previous query is now done explicitly in the slash commands where that should happen. Corey Huinker, reviewed by Fabien Coelho, further hacking by me Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CADkLM=c94OSRTnat=LX0ivNq4pxDNeoomFfYvBKM5N_xfmLtAA@mail.gmail.com
* psql: Add \gx commandStephen Frost2017-03-07
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | It can often be useful to use expanded mode output (\x) for just a single query. Introduce a \gx which acts exactly like \g except that it will force expanded output mode for that one \gx call. This is simpler than having to use \x as a toggle and also means that the user doesn't have to worry about the current state of the expanded variable, or resetting it later, to ensure a given query is always returned in expanded mode. Primairly Christoph's patch, though I did tweak the documentation and help text a bit, and re-indented the tab completion section. Author: Christoph Berg Reviewed By: Daniel Verite Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170127132737.6skslelaf4txs6iw%40msg.credativ.de
* Remove useless duplicate inclusions of system header files.Tom Lane2017-02-25
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | c.h #includes a number of core libc header files, such as <stdio.h>. There's no point in re-including these after having read postgres.h, postgres_fe.h, or c.h; so remove code that did so. While at it, also fix some places that were ignoring our standard pattern of "include postgres[_fe].h, then system header files, then other Postgres header files". While there's not any great magic in doing it that way rather than system headers last, it's silly to have just a few files deviating from the general pattern. (But I didn't attempt to enforce this globally, only in files I was touching anyway.) I'd be the first to say that this is mostly compulsive neatnik-ism, but over time it might save enough compile cycles to be useful.
* Clean up psql's behavior for a few more control variables.Tom Lane2017-02-02
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Modify FETCH_COUNT to always have a defined value, like other control variables, mainly so it will always appear in "\set" output. Add hooks to force HISTSIZE to be defined and require it to have an integer value. (I don't see any point in allowing it to be set to non-integral values.) Add hooks to force IGNOREEOF to be defined and require it to have an integer value. Unlike the other cases, here we're trying to be bug-compatible with a rather bogus externally-defined behavior, so I think we need to continue to allow "\set IGNOREEOF whatever". Fix it so that the substitution hook silently replace non-numeric values with "10", so that the stored value always reflects what we're really doing. Add a dummy assign hook for HISTFILE, just so it's always in variables.c's list. We can't require it to be defined always, because that would break the interaction with the PSQL_HISTORY environment variable, so there isn't any change in visible behavior here. Remove tab-complete.c's private list of known variable names, since that's really a maintenance nuisance. Given the preceding changes, there are no control variables it won't show anyway. This does mean that if for some reason you've unset one of the status variables (DBNAME, HOST, etc), that variable would not appear in tab completion for \set. But I think that's fine, for at least two reasons: we shouldn't be encouraging people to use those variables as regular variables, and if someone does do so anyway, why shouldn't it act just like a regular variable? Remove ugly and no-longer-used-anywhere GetVariableNum(). In general, future additions of integer-valued control variables should follow the paradigm of adding an assign hook using ParseVariableNum(), so there's no reason to expect we'd need this again later. Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/17516.1485973973@sss.pgh.pa.us
* Logical replicationPeter Eisentraut2017-01-20
| | | | | | | | | | | | | - Add PUBLICATION catalogs and DDL - Add SUBSCRIPTION catalog and DDL - Define logical replication protocol and output plugin - Add logical replication workers From: Petr Jelinek <petr@2ndquadrant.com> Reviewed-by: Steve Singer <steve@ssinger.info> Reviewed-by: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de> Reviewed-by: Erik Rijkers <er@xs4all.nl> Reviewed-by: Peter Eisentraut <peter.eisentraut@2ndquadrant.com>
* Update copyright via script for 2017Bruce Momjian2017-01-03
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* Update line count totals for psql help displays.Tom Lane2016-08-18
| | | | | | | | As usual, we've been pretty awful about maintaining these counts. They're not all that critical, perhaps, but let's get them right at release time. Also fix 9.5, which I notice is just as bad. It's probably wrong further back, but the lack of --help=foo options before 9.5 makes it too painful to count.
* Put some things in a better order in psql helpPeter Eisentraut2016-07-12
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* pgindent run for 9.6Robert Haas2016-06-09
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* Fix loose ends for SQL ACCESS METHOD objectsAlvaro Herrera2016-06-07
| | | | | | | | | | | | | COMMENT ON ACCESS METHOD was missing; add it, along psql tab-completion support for it. psql was also missing a way to list existing access methods; the new \dA command does that. Also add tab-completion support for DROP ACCESS METHOD. Author: Michael Paquier Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAB7nPqTzdZdu8J7EF8SXr_R2U5bSUUYNOT3oAWBZdEoggnwhGA@mail.gmail.com
* Support \crosstabview in psqlAlvaro Herrera2016-04-08
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \crosstabview is a completely different way to display results from a query: instead of a vertical display of rows, the data values are placed in a grid where the column and row headers come from the data itself, similar to a spreadsheet. The sort order of the horizontal header can be specified by using another column in the query, and the vertical header determines its ordering from the order in which they appear in the query. This only allows displaying a single value in each cell. If more than one value correspond to the same cell, an error is thrown. Merging of values can be done in the query itself, if necessary. This may be revisited in the future. Author: Daniel Verité Reviewed-by: Pavel Stehule, Dean Rasheed
* Reserve the "pg_" namespace for rolesStephen Frost2016-04-08
| | | | | | | | | This will prevent users from creating roles which begin with "pg_" and will check for those roles before allowing an upgrade using pg_upgrade. This will allow for default roles to be provided at initdb time. Reviews by José Luis Tallón and Robert Haas
* Add a \gexec command to psql for evaluation of computed queries.Tom Lane2016-04-04
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \gexec executes the just-entered query, like \g, but instead of printing the results it takes each field as a SQL command to send to the server. Computing a series of queries to be executed is a fairly common thing, but up to now you always had to resort to kluges like writing the queries to a file and then inputting the file. Now it can be done with no intermediate step. The implementation is fairly straightforward except for its interaction with FETCH_COUNT. ExecQueryUsingCursor isn't capable of being called recursively, and even if it were, its need to create a transaction block interferes unpleasantly with the desired behavior of \gexec after a failure of a generated query (i.e., that it can continue). Therefore, disable use of ExecQueryUsingCursor when doing the master \gexec query. We can still apply it to individual generated queries, however, and there might be some value in doing so. While testing this feature's interaction with single-step mode, I (tgl) was led to conclude that SendQuery needs to recognize SIGINT (cancel_pressed) as a negative response to the single-step prompt. Perhaps that's a back-patchable bug fix, but for now I just included it here. Corey Huinker, reviewed by Jim Nasby, Daniel Vérité, and myself
* Add psql \errverbose command to see last server error at full verbosity.Tom Lane2016-04-03
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Often, upon getting an unexpected error in psql, one's first wish is that the verbosity setting had been higher; for example, to be able to see the schema-name field or the server code location info. Up to now the only way has been to adjust the VERBOSITY variable and repeat the failing query. That's a pain, and it doesn't work if the error isn't reproducible. This commit adds a psql feature that redisplays the most recent server error at full verbosity, without needing to make any variable changes or re-execute the failed command. We just need to hang onto the latest error PGresult in case the user executes \errverbose, and then apply libpq's new PQresultVerboseErrorMessage() function to it. This will consume some trivial amount of psql memory, but otherwise the cost when the feature isn't used should be negligible. Alex Shulgin, reviewed by Daniel Vérité, some improvements by me
* Update copyright for 2016Bruce Momjian2016-01-02
| | | | Backpatch certain files through 9.1
* psql: Review of new help output stringsPeter Eisentraut2015-12-20
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* Review program help output for wording and formattingPeter Eisentraut2015-09-16
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* Rearrange the handling of error context reports.Tom Lane2015-09-05
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Remove the code in plpgsql that suppressed the innermost line of CONTEXT for messages emitted by RAISE commands. That was never more than a quick backwards-compatibility hack, and it's pretty silly in cases where the RAISE is nested in several levels of function. What's more, it violated our design theory that verbosity of error reports should be controlled on the client side not the server side. To alleviate the resulting noise increase, introduce a feature in libpq and psql whereby the CONTEXT field of messages can be suppressed, either always or only for non-error messages. Printing CONTEXT for errors only is now their default behavior. The actual code changes here are pretty small, but the effects on the regression test outputs are widespread. I had to edit some of the alternative expected outputs by hand; hopefully the buildfarm will soon find anything I fat-fingered. In passing, fix up (again) the output line counts in psql's various help displays. Add some commentary about how to verify them. Pavel Stehule, reviewed by Petr Jelínek, Jeevan Chalke, and others
* Add psql \ev and \sv commands for editing and showing view definitions.Tom Lane2015-07-03
| | | | | | These are basically just like the \ef and \sf commands for functions. Petr Korobeinikov, reviewed by Jeevan Chalke, some changes by me
* pgindent run for 9.5Bruce Momjian2015-05-23
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* psql: fix \connect with URIs and conninfo stringsAlvaro Herrera2015-04-02
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This is the second try at this, after fcef1617295 failed miserably and had to be reverted: as it turns out, libpq cannot depend on libpgcommon after all. Instead of shuffling code in the master branch, make that one just like 9.4 and accept the duplication. (This was all my own mistake, not the patch submitter's). psql was already accepting conninfo strings as the first parameter in \connect, but the way it worked wasn't sane; some of the other parameters would get the previous connection's values, causing it to connect to a completely unexpected server or, more likely, not finding any server at all because of completely wrong combinations of parameters. Fix by explicitely checking for a conninfo-looking parameter in the dbname position; if one is found, use its complete specification rather than mix with the other arguments. Also, change tab-completion to not try to complete conninfo/URI-looking "dbnames" and document that conninfos are accepted as first argument. There was a weak consensus to backpatch this, because while the behavior of using the dbname as a conninfo is nowhere documented for \connect, it is reasonable to expect that it works because it does work in many other contexts. Therefore this is backpatched all the way back to 9.0. Author: David Fetter, Andrew Dunstan. Some editorialization by me (probably earning a Gierth's "Sloppy" badge in the process.) Reviewers: Andrew Gierth, Erik Rijkers, Pavel Stěhule, Stephen Frost, Robert Haas, Andrew Dunstan.
* Revert "psql: fix \connect with URIs and conninfo strings"Robert Haas2015-04-02
| | | | | This reverts commit fcef1617295c074f2684c887627184d2fc26ac04, about which both the buildfarm and my local machine are very unhappy.
* psql: fix \connect with URIs and conninfo stringsAlvaro Herrera2015-04-01
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | psql was already accepting conninfo strings as the first parameter in \connect, but the way it worked wasn't sane; some of the other parameters would get the previous connection's values, causing it to connect to a completely unexpected server or, more likely, not finding any server at all because of completely wrong combinations of parameters. Fix by explicitely checking for a conninfo-looking parameter in the dbname position; if one is found, use its complete specification rather than mix with the other arguments. Also, change tab-completion to not try to complete conninfo/URI-looking "dbnames" and document that conninfos are accepted as first argument. There was a weak consensus to backpatch this, because while the behavior of using the dbname as a conninfo is nowhere documented for \connect, it is reasonable to expect that it works because it does work in many other contexts. Therefore this is backpatched all the way back to 9.0. To implement this, routines previously private to libpq have been duplicated so that psql can decide what looks like a conninfo/URI string. In back branches, just duplicate the same code all the way back to 9.2, where URIs where introduced; 9.0 and 9.1 have a simpler version. In master, the routines are moved to src/common and renamed. Author: David Fetter, Andrew Dunstan. Some editorialization by me (probably earning a Gierth's "Sloppy" badge in the process.) Reviewers: Andrew Gierth, Erik Rijkers, Pavel Stěhule, Stephen Frost, Robert Haas, Andrew Dunstan.
* psql: add asciidoc output formatBruce Momjian2015-03-31
| | | | | | Patch by Szymon Guz, adjustments by me Testing by Michael Paquier, Pavel Stehule
* Add a pager_min_lines setting to psqlAndrew Dunstan2015-03-28
| | | | | | | | | | If set, the pager will not be used unless this many lines are to be displayed, even if that is more than the screen depth. Default is zero, meaning it's disabled. There is probably more work to be done in giving the user control over when the pager is used, particularly when wide output forces use of the pager regardless of how many lines there are, but this is a start.
* Update copyright for 2015Bruce Momjian2015-01-06
| | | | Backpatch certain files through 9.0
* psql: Fix \? output alignmentPeter Eisentraut2014-10-13
| | | | This was inadvertently changed in commit c64e68fd.
* Add unicode_*_linestyle to \? variablesStephen Frost2014-09-22
| | | | | | | | | | In a2dabf0 we added the ability to have single or double unicode linestyle for the border, column, or header. Unfortunately, the \? variables output was not updated for these new psql variables. This corrects that oversight. Patch by Pavel Stehule.
* Add unicode_{column|header|border}_style to psqlStephen Frost2014-09-12
| | | | | | | | | | | With the unicode linestyle, this adds support to control if the column, header, or border style should be single or double line unicode characters. The default remains 'single'. In passing, clean up the border documentation and address some minor formatting/spelling issues. Pavel Stehule, with some additional changes by me.
* Add new psql help topics, accessible to both --help and \?.Andres Freund2014-09-10
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Add --help=<topic> for the commandline, and \? <topic> as a backslash command, to show more help than the invocations without parameters do. "commands", "variables" and "options" currently exist as help topics describing, respectively, backslash commands, psql variables, and commandline switches. Without parameters the help commands show their previous topic. Some further wordsmithing or extending of the added help content might be needed; but there seems little benefit delaying the overall feature further. Author: Pavel Stehule, editorialized by many Reviewed-By: Andres Freund, Petr Jelinek, Fujii Masao, MauMau, Abhijit Menon-Sen and Erik Rijkers. Discussion: CAFj8pRDVGuC-nXBfe2CK8vpyzd2Dsr9GVpbrATAnZO=2YQ0s2Q@mail.gmail.com, CAFj8pRA54AbTv2RXDTRxiAd8hy8wxmoVLqhJDRCwEnhdd7OUkw@mail.gmail.com
* Add new ECHO mode 'errors' that displays only failed commands in psql.Fujii Masao2014-07-10
| | | | | | | | | When the psql variable ECHO is set to 'erros', only failed SQL commands are printed to standard error output. Also this patch adds -b option into psql. This is equivalent to setting the variable ECHO to 'errors'. Pavel Stehule, reviewed by Fabrízio de Royes Mello, Samrat Revagade, Kumar Rajeev Rastogi, Abhijit Menon-Sen, and me.
* psql: update --help output for unaligned mode paramsBruce Momjian2014-04-16
| | | | | | | Previously it wasn't clear from --help that -F, -R, -z, -0 only controlled psql unaligned output. Initial patch from Jov <amutu@amutu.com>, adjustments by me
* Move username lookup functions from /port to /commonBruce Momjian2014-01-10
| | | | Per suggestion from Peter E and Alvaro
* Update copyright for 2014Bruce Momjian2014-01-07
| | | | | Update all files in head, and files COPYRIGHT and legal.sgml in all back branches.
* Fix incorrect error message reported for non-existent usersBruce Momjian2013-12-18
| | | | | | | | Previously, lookups of non-existent user names could return "Success"; it will now return "User does not exist" by resetting errno. This also centralizes the user name lookup code in libpgport. Report and analysis by Nicolas Marchildon; patch by me
* psql: Make \pset without arguments show all settings.Robert Haas2013-10-03
| | | | Gilles Darold, reviewed by Pavel Stehule
* Fix line count in slashUsage().Tom Lane2013-04-04
| | | | | | | | Counting newlines shows that quite a few recent patches have neglected to update the output-lines count given to PageOutput(). Fortunately it's not terribly critical that this be exact, since we long since exceeded the height of most people's terminal windows. Still, maybe we ought to think of a way to not have to maintain this manually anymore.
* Add \watch [SEC] command to psql.Tom Lane2013-04-04
| | | | | | This allows convenient re-execution of commands. Will Leinweber, reviewed by Peter Eisentraut, Daniel Farina, and Tom Lane
* psql: Let \l accept a patternPeter Eisentraut2013-03-04
| | | | reviewed by Satoshi Nagayasu
* Add a materialized view relations.Kevin Grittner2013-03-03
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A materialized view has a rule just like a view and a heap and other physical properties like a table. The rule is only used to populate the table, references in queries refer to the materialized data. This is a minimal implementation, but should still be useful in many cases. Currently data is only populated "on demand" by the CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW and REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW statements. It is expected that future releases will add incremental updates with various timings, and that a more refined concept of defining what is "fresh" data will be developed. At some point it may even be possible to have queries use a materialized in place of references to underlying tables, but that requires the other above-mentioned features to be working first. Much of the documentation work by Robert Haas. Review by Noah Misch, Thom Brown, Robert Haas, Marko Tiikkaja Security review by KaiGai Kohei, with a decision on how best to implement sepgsql still pending.
* Create a psql command \gset to store query results into psql variables.Tom Lane2013-02-02
| | | | | | This eases manipulation of query results in psql scripts. Pavel Stehule, reviewed by Piyush Newe, Shigeru Hanada, and Tom Lane