pg_upgrade pg_upgrade 1 Application pg_upgrade upgrade a PostgreSQL server instance pg_upgrade -b oldbindir -B newbindir -d oldconfigdir -D newconfigdir option pg_upgrade (formerly called pg_migrator) allows data stored in PostgreSQL data files to be upgraded to a later PostgreSQL major version without the data dump/restore typically required for major version upgrades, e.g., from 12.14 to 13.10 or from 14.9 to 15.5. It is not required for minor version upgrades, e.g., from 12.7 to 12.8 or from 14.1 to 14.5. Major PostgreSQL releases regularly add new features that often change the layout of the system tables, but the internal data storage format rarely changes. pg_upgrade uses this fact to perform rapid upgrades by creating new system tables and simply reusing the old user data files. If a future major release ever changes the data storage format in a way that makes the old data format unreadable, pg_upgrade will not be usable for such upgrades. (The community will attempt to avoid such situations.) pg_upgrade does its best to make sure the old and new clusters are binary-compatible, e.g., by checking for compatible compile-time settings, including 32/64-bit binaries. It is important that any external modules are also binary compatible, though this cannot be checked by pg_upgrade. pg_upgrade supports upgrades from 9.2.X and later to the current major release of PostgreSQL, including snapshot and beta releases. pg_upgrade accepts the following command-line arguments: -b bindir --old-bindir=bindir the old PostgreSQL executable directory; environment variable PGBINOLD -B bindir --new-bindir=bindir the new PostgreSQL executable directory; default is the directory where pg_upgrade resides; environment variable PGBINNEW -c --check check clusters only, don't change any data -d configdir --old-datadir=configdir the old database cluster configuration directory; environment variable PGDATAOLD -D configdir --new-datadir=configdir the new database cluster configuration directory; environment variable PGDATANEW -j njobs --jobs=njobs number of simultaneous connections and processes/threads to use -k --link use hard links instead of copying files to the new cluster -N --no-sync By default, pg_upgrade will wait for all files of the upgraded cluster to be written safely to disk. This option causes pg_upgrade to return without waiting, which is faster, but means that a subsequent operating system crash can leave the data directory corrupt. Generally, this option is useful for testing but should not be used on a production installation. -o options --old-options options options to be passed directly to the old postgres command; multiple option invocations are appended -O options --new-options options options to be passed directly to the new postgres command; multiple option invocations are appended -p port --old-port=port the old cluster port number; environment variable PGPORTOLD -P port --new-port=port the new cluster port number; environment variable PGPORTNEW -r --retain retain SQL and log files even after successful completion -s dir --socketdir=dir directory to use for postmaster sockets during upgrade; default is current working directory; environment variable PGSOCKETDIR -U username --username=username cluster's install user name; environment variable PGUSER -v --verbose enable verbose internal logging -V --version display version information, then exit --clone Use efficient file cloning (also known as reflinks on some systems) instead of copying files to the new cluster. This can result in near-instantaneous copying of the data files, giving the speed advantages of -k/--link while leaving the old cluster untouched. File cloning is only supported on some operating systems and file systems. If it is selected but not supported, the pg_upgrade run will error. At present, it is supported on Linux (kernel 4.5 or later) with Btrfs and XFS (on file systems created with reflink support), and on macOS with APFS. --copy Copy files to the new cluster. This is the default. (See also --link, --clone, --copy-file-range, and --swap.) --copy-file-range Use the copy_file_range system call for efficient copying. On some file systems this gives results similar to --clone, sharing physical disk blocks, while on others it may still copy blocks, but do so via an optimized path. At present, it is supported on Linux and FreeBSD. --no-statistics Do not restore statistics from the old cluster into the new cluster. --set-char-signedness=option Manually set the default char signedness of new clusters. Possible values are signed and unsigned. In the C language, the default signedness of the char type (when not explicitly specified) varies across platforms. For example, char defaults to signed char on x86 CPUs but to unsigned char on ARM CPUs. Starting from PostgreSQL 18, database clusters maintain their own default char signedness setting, which can be used to ensure consistent behavior across platforms with different default char signedness. By default, pg_upgrade preserves the char signedness setting when upgrading from an existing cluster. However, when upgrading from PostgreSQL 17 or earlier, pg_upgrade adopts the char signedness of the platform on which it was built. This option allows you to explicitly set the default char signedness for the new cluster, overriding any inherited values. There are two specific scenarios where this option is relevant: If you are planning to migrate to a different platform after the upgrade, you should not use this option. The default behavior is right in this case. Instead, perform the upgrade on the original platform without this flag, and then migrate the cluster afterward. This is the recommended and safest approach. If you have already migrated the cluster to a platform with different char signedness (for example, from an x86-based system to an ARM-based system), you should use this option to specify the signedness matching the original platform's default char signedness. Additionally, it's essential not to modify any data files between migrating data files and running pg_upgrade. pg_upgrade should be the first operation that starts the cluster on the new platform. --swap Move the data directories from the old cluster to the new cluster. Then, replace the catalog files with those generated for the new cluster. This mode can outperform --link, --clone, --copy, and --copy-file-range, especially on clusters with many relations. However, this mode creates many garbage files in the old cluster, which can prolong the file synchronization step if --sync-method=syncfs is used. Therefore, it is recommended to use --sync-method=fsync with --swap. Additionally, once the file transfer step begins, the old cluster will be destructively modified and therefore will no longer be safe to start. See for details. --sync-method=method When set to fsync, which is the default, pg_upgrade will recursively open and synchronize all files in the upgraded cluster's data directory. The search for files will follow symbolic links for the WAL directory and each configured tablespace. On Linux, syncfs may be used instead to ask the operating system to synchronize the whole file systems that contain the upgraded cluster's data directory, its WAL files, and each tablespace. See for information about the caveats to be aware of when using syncfs. This option has no effect when --no-sync is used. -? --help show help, then exit These are the steps to perform an upgrade with pg_upgrade: The steps to upgrade logical replication clusters are not covered here; refer to for details. If you are using a version-specific installation directory, e.g., /opt/PostgreSQL/&majorversion;, you do not need to move the old cluster. The graphical installers all use version-specific installation directories. If your installation directory is not version-specific, e.g., /usr/local/pgsql, it is necessary to move the current PostgreSQL install directory so it does not interfere with the new PostgreSQL installation. Once the current PostgreSQL server is shut down, it is safe to rename the PostgreSQL installation directory; assuming the old directory is /usr/local/pgsql, you can do: mv /usr/local/pgsql /usr/local/pgsql.old to rename the directory. Build the new PostgreSQL source with configure flags that are compatible with the old cluster. pg_upgrade will check pg_controldata to make sure all settings are compatible before starting the upgrade. Install the new server's binaries and support files. pg_upgrade is included in a default installation. For source installs, if you wish to install the new server in a custom location, use the prefix variable: make prefix=/usr/local/pgsql.new install Initialize the new cluster using initdb. Again, use compatible initdb flags that match the old cluster. Many prebuilt installers do this step automatically. There is no need to start the new cluster. Many extensions and custom modules, whether from contrib or another source, use shared object files (or DLLs), e.g., pgcrypto.so. If the old cluster used these, shared object files matching the new server binary must be installed in the new cluster, usually via operating system commands. Do not load the schema definitions, e.g., CREATE EXTENSION pgcrypto, because these will be duplicated from the old cluster. If extension updates are available, pg_upgrade will report this and create a script that can be run later to update them. Copy any custom full text search files (dictionary, synonym, thesaurus, stop words) from the old to the new cluster. pg_upgrade will connect to the old and new servers several times, so you might want to set authentication to peer in pg_hba.conf or use a ~/.pgpass file (see ). Make sure both database servers are stopped using, on Unix, e.g.: pg_ctl -D /opt/PostgreSQL/12 stop pg_ctl -D /opt/PostgreSQL/&majorversion; stop or on Windows, using the proper service names: NET STOP postgresql-12 NET STOP postgresql-&majorversion; Streaming replication and log-shipping standby servers must be running during this shutdown so they receive all changes. If you are upgrading standby servers using methods outlined in section , verify that the old standby servers are caught up by running pg_controldata against the old primary and standby clusters. Verify that the Latest checkpoint location values match in all clusters. Also, make sure wal_level is not set to minimal in the postgresql.conf file on the new primary cluster. Always run the pg_upgrade binary of the new server, not the old one. pg_upgrade requires the specification of the old and new cluster's data and executable (bin) directories. You can also specify user and port values, and whether you want the data files linked, cloned, or swapped instead of the default copy behavior. If you use link mode, the upgrade will be much faster (no file copying) and use less disk space, but you will not be able to access your old cluster once you start the new cluster after the upgrade. Link mode also requires that the old and new cluster data directories be in the same file system. (Tablespaces and pg_wal can be on different file systems.) Clone mode provides the same speed and disk space advantages but does not cause the old cluster to be unusable once the new cluster is started. Clone mode also requires that the old and new data directories be in the same file system. This mode is only available on certain operating systems and file systems. Swap mode may be the fastest if there are many relations, but you will not be able to access your old cluster once the file transfer step begins. Swap mode also requires that the old and new cluster data directories be in the same file system. Setting --jobs to 2 or higher allows pg_upgrade to process multiple databases and tablespaces in parallel. A good starting point is the number of CPU cores on the machine. This option can substantially reduce the upgrade time for multi-database and multi-tablespace servers. For Windows users, you must be logged into an administrative account, and then run pg_upgrade with quoted directories, e.g.: pg_upgrade.exe --old-datadir "C:/Program Files/PostgreSQL/12/data" --new-datadir "C:/Program Files/PostgreSQL/&majorversion;/data" --old-bindir "C:/Program Files/PostgreSQL/12/bin" --new-bindir "C:/Program Files/PostgreSQL/&majorversion;/bin" Once started, pg_upgrade will verify the two clusters are compatible and then do the upgrade. You can use pg_upgrade --check to perform only the checks, even if the old server is still running. pg_upgrade --check will also outline any manual adjustments you will need to make after the upgrade. If you are going to be using link, clone, copy-file-range, or swap mode, you should use the option --link, --clone, --copy-file-range, or --swap with --check to enable mode-specific checks. pg_upgrade requires write permission in the current directory. Obviously, no one should be accessing the clusters during the upgrade. pg_upgrade defaults to running servers on port 50432 to avoid unintended client connections. You can use the same port number for both clusters when doing an upgrade because the old and new clusters will not be running at the same time. However, when checking an old running server, the old and new port numbers must be different. If an error occurs while restoring the database schema, pg_upgrade will exit and you will have to revert to the old cluster as outlined in below. To try pg_upgrade again, you will need to modify the old cluster so the pg_upgrade schema restore succeeds. If the problem is a contrib module, you might need to uninstall the contrib module from the old cluster and install it in the new cluster after the upgrade, assuming the module is not being used to store user data. If you used link mode and have Streaming Replication (see ) or Log-Shipping (see ) standby servers, you can follow these steps to quickly upgrade them. You will not be running pg_upgrade on the standby servers, but rather rsync on the primary. Do not start any servers yet. If you did not use link mode, do not have or do not want to use rsync, or want an easier solution, skip the instructions in this section and simply recreate the standby servers once pg_upgrade completes and the new primary is running. Make sure the new binaries and support files are installed on all standby servers. Make sure the new standby data directories do not exist or are empty. If initdb was run, delete the standby servers' new data directories. Install the same extension shared object files on the new standbys that you installed in the new primary cluster. If the standby servers are still running, stop them now using the above instructions. Save any configuration files from the old standbys' configuration directories you need to keep, e.g., postgresql.conf (and any files included by it), postgresql.auto.conf, pg_hba.conf, because these will be overwritten or removed in the next step. When using link mode, standby servers can be quickly upgraded using rsync. To accomplish this, from a directory on the primary server that is above the old and new database cluster directories, run this on the primary for each standby server: rsync --archive --delete --hard-links --size-only --no-inc-recursive old_cluster new_cluster remote_dir where old_cluster and new_cluster are relative to the current directory on the primary, and remote_dir is above the old and new cluster directories on the standby. The directory structure under the specified directories on the primary and standbys must match. Consult the rsync manual page for details on specifying the remote directory, e.g., rsync --archive --delete --hard-links --size-only --no-inc-recursive /opt/PostgreSQL/12 \ /opt/PostgreSQL/&majorversion; standby.example.com:/opt/PostgreSQL You can verify what the command will do using rsync's --dry-run option. While rsync must be run on the primary for at least one standby, it is possible to run rsync on an upgraded standby to upgrade other standbys, as long as the upgraded standby has not been started. What this does is to record the links created by pg_upgrade's link mode that connect files in the old and new clusters on the primary server. It then finds matching files in the standby's old cluster and creates links for them in the standby's new cluster. Files that were not linked on the primary are copied from the primary to the standby. (They are usually small.) This provides rapid standby upgrades. Unfortunately, rsync needlessly copies files associated with temporary and unlogged tables because these files don't normally exist on standby servers. If you have tablespaces, you will need to run a similar rsync command for each tablespace directory, e.g.: rsync --archive --delete --hard-links --size-only --no-inc-recursive /vol1/pg_tblsp/PG_12_201909212 \ /vol1/pg_tblsp/PG_&majorversion;_202307071 standby.example.com:/vol1/pg_tblsp If you have relocated pg_wal outside the data directories, rsync must be run on those directories too. Configure the servers for log shipping. (You do not need to run pg_backup_start() and pg_backup_stop() or take a file system backup as the standbys are still synchronized with the primary.) If the old primary is prior to version 17.0, then no slots on the primary are copied to the new standby, so all the slots on the old standby must be recreated manually. If the old primary is version 17.0 or later, then only logical slots on the primary are copied to the new standby, but other slots on the old standby are not copied, so must be recreated manually. If you modified pg_hba.conf, restore its original settings. It might also be necessary to adjust other configuration files in the new cluster to match the old cluster, e.g., postgresql.conf (and any files included by it), postgresql.auto.conf. The new server can now be safely started, and then any rsync'ed standby servers. If any post-upgrade processing is required, pg_upgrade will issue warnings as it completes. It will also generate script files that must be run by the administrator. The script files will connect to each database that needs post-upgrade processing. Each script should be run using: psql --username=postgres --file=script.sql postgres The scripts can be run in any order and can be deleted once they have been run. In general it is unsafe to access tables referenced in rebuild scripts until the rebuild scripts have run to completion; doing so could yield incorrect results or poor performance. Tables not referenced in rebuild scripts can be accessed immediately. Unless the --no-statistics option is specified, pg_upgrade will transfer most optimizer statistics from the old cluster to the new cluster. However, some statistics may not be transferred, such as those created explicitly with or custom statistics added by an extension. Because not all statistics are transferred by pg_upgrade, you will be instructed to run commands to regenerate that information at the end of the upgrade. You might need to set connection parameters to match your new cluster. First, use vacuumdb --all --analyze-in-stages --missing-stats-only to quickly generate minimal optimizer statistics for relations without any. Then, use vacuumdb --all --analyze-only to ensure all relations have updated cumulative statistics for triggering vacuum and analyze. For both commands, the use of --jobs can speed it up. If vacuum_cost_delay is set to a non-zero value, this can be overridden to speed up statistics generation using PGOPTIONS, e.g., PGOPTIONS='-c vacuum_cost_delay=0' vacuumdb .... Once you are satisfied with the upgrade, you can delete the old cluster's data directories by running the script mentioned when pg_upgrade completes. (Automatic deletion is not possible if you have user-defined tablespaces inside the old data directory.) You can also delete the old installation directories (e.g., bin, share). If, after running pg_upgrade, you wish to revert to the old cluster, there are several options: If the --check option was used, the old cluster was unmodified; it can be restarted. If neither --link nor --swap was used, the old cluster was unmodified; it can be restarted. If the --link option was used, the data files might be shared between the old and new cluster: If pg_upgrade aborted before linking started, the old cluster was unmodified; it can be restarted. If you did not start the new cluster, the old cluster was unmodified except that, when linking started, a .old suffix was appended to $PGDATA/global/pg_control. To reuse the old cluster, remove the .old suffix from $PGDATA/global/pg_control; you can then restart the old cluster. If you did start the new cluster, it has written to shared files and it is unsafe to use the old cluster. The old cluster will need to be restored from backup in this case. If the --swap option was used, the old cluster might be destructively modified: If pg_upgrade aborts before reporting that the old cluster is no longer safe to start, the old cluster was unmodified; it can be restarted. If pg_upgrade has reported that the old cluster is no longer safe to start, the old cluster was destructively modified. The old cluster will need to be restored from backup in this case. Some environment variables can be used to provide defaults for command-line options: PGBINOLD The old PostgreSQL executable directory; option -b/--old-bindir. PGBINNEW The new PostgreSQL executable directory; option -B/--new-bindir. PGDATAOLD The old database cluster configuration directory; option -d/--old-datadir. PGDATANEW The new database cluster configuration directory; option -D/--new-datadir. PGPORTOLD The old cluster port number; option -p/--old-port. PGPORTNEW The new cluster port number; option -P/--new-port. PGSOCKETDIR Directory to use for postmaster sockets during upgrade; option -s/--socketdir. PGUSER Cluster's install user name; option -U/--username. pg_upgrade creates various working files, such as schema dumps, stored within pg_upgrade_output.d in the directory of the new cluster. Each run creates a new subdirectory named with a timestamp formatted as per ISO 8601 (%Y%m%dT%H%M%S), where all its generated files are stored. pg_upgrade_output.d and its contained files will be removed automatically if pg_upgrade completes successfully; but in the event of trouble, the files there may provide useful debugging information. pg_upgrade launches short-lived postmasters in the old and new data directories. Temporary Unix socket files for communication with these postmasters are, by default, made in the current working directory. In some situations the path name for the current directory might be too long to be a valid socket name. In that case you can use the -s option to put the socket files in some directory with a shorter path name. For security, be sure that that directory is not readable or writable by any other users. (This is not supported on Windows.) All failure, rebuild, and reindex cases will be reported by pg_upgrade if they affect your installation; post-upgrade scripts to rebuild tables and indexes will be generated automatically. If you are trying to automate the upgrade of many clusters, you should find that clusters with identical database schemas require the same post-upgrade steps for all cluster upgrades; this is because the post-upgrade steps are based on the database schemas, and not user data. For deployment testing, create a schema-only copy of the old cluster, insert dummy data, and upgrade that. pg_upgrade does not support upgrading of databases containing table columns using these reg* OID-referencing system data types: regcollation regconfig regdictionary regnamespace regoper regoperator regproc regprocedure (regclass, regrole, and regtype can be upgraded.) If you want to use link mode and you do not want your old cluster to be modified when the new cluster is started, consider using the clone mode. If that is not available, make a copy of the old cluster and upgrade that in link mode. To make a valid copy of the old cluster, use rsync to create a dirty copy of the old cluster while the server is running, then shut down the old server and run rsync --checksum again to update the copy with any changes to make it consistent. (--checksum is necessary because rsync only has file modification-time granularity of one second.) You might want to exclude some files, e.g., postmaster.pid, as documented in . If your file system supports file system snapshots or copy-on-write file copies, you can use that to make a backup of the old cluster and tablespaces, though the snapshot and copies must be created simultaneously or while the database server is down.