SET SQL - Language Statements SET Set run-time parameters for session 1998-09-24 SET variable { TO | = } { 'value' | DEFAULT } SET TIME ZONE { 'timezone' | LOCAL | DEFAULT }; SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL { READ COMMITTED | SERIALIZED } 1998-09-24 variable Settable global parameter. value New value of parameter. The possible variables and allowed values are: CLIENT_ENCODING | NAMES Sets the multi-byte client encoding value Sets the multi-byte client encoding to value. The specified encoding must be supported by the backend. DEFAULT Sets the multi-byte client encoding. This is only enabled if multi-byte was specified to configure. DateStyle ISO use ISO 8601-style dates and times SQL use Oracle/Ingres-style dates and times Postgres use traditional Postgres format European use dd/mm/yyyy for numeric date representations. NonEuropean use mm/dd/yyyy for numeric date representations. German use dd.mm.yyyy for numeric date representations. US same as 'NonEuropean' default restores the default values ('US,Postgres') Date format initialization my be done by: Setting PGDATESTYLE environment variable. Running postmaster using -oe parameter to set dates to the 'European' convention. Note that this affects only the some combinations of date styles; for example the ISO style is not affected by this parameter. Changing variables in src/backend/utils/init/globals.c. The variables in globals.c which can be changed are: bool EuroDates = false | true int DateStyle = USE_ISO_DATES | USE_POSTGRES_DATES | USE_SQL_DATES | USE_GERMAN_DATES SERVER_ENCODING Sets the multi-byte server encoding value Sets the multi-byte server encoding. DEFAULT Sets the multi-byte server encoding. This is only enabled if multi-byte was specified to configure. TIMEZONE The possible values for timezone depends on your operating system. For example on Linux /usr/lib/zoneinfo contains the database of timezones. Here are some valid values for timezone: 'PST8PDT' set the timezone for California 'Portugal' set time zone for Portugal. 'Europe/Rome' set time zone for Italy. DEFAULT set time zone to your local timezone (value of the TZ environment variable). If an invalid time zone is specified, the time zone becomes GMT (on most systems anyway). A frontend which uses libpq may be initialized by setting the PGTZ environment variable. The second syntax shown above, allows one to set the timezone with a syntax similar to SQL92 SET TIME ZONE. The LOCAL keyword is just an alternate form of DEFAULT for SQL92 compatibility. TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL Sets the isolation level for the current transaction. READ COMMITTED The current transaction queries read only rows committed before a query began. READ COMMITTED is the default. SQL92 standard requires SERIALIZABLE to be the default isolation level. SERIALIZABLE The current transaction queries read only rows committed before first DML statement (SELECT/INSERT/DELETE/UPDATE/FETCH/COPY_TO) was executed in this transaction. There are also several internal or optimization parameters which can be specified by the SET command: COST_HEAP Sets the default cost of a heap scan for use by the optimizer. float4 Set the cost of a heap scan to the specified floating point value. DEFAULT Sets the cost of a heap scan to the default value. The frontend may be initialized by setting the PGCOSTHEAP environment variable. COST_INDEX Sets the default cost of an index scan for use by the optimizer. float4 Set the cost of an index scan to the specified floating point value. DEFAULT Sets the cost of an index scan to the default value. The frontend may be initialized by setting the PGCOSTINDEX environment variable. GEQO Sets the threshold for using the genetic optimizer algorithm. ON enables the genetic optimizer algorithm for statements with 6 or more tables. ON=# Takes an integer argument to enable the genetic optimizer algorithm for statements with # or more tables in the query. OFF disables the genetic optimizer algorithm. DEFAULT Equivalent to specifying SET GEQO='ON' This algorithm is on by default, which used GEQO for statements of eleven or more tables. (See the chapter on GEQO in the Programmer's Guide for more information). The frontend may be initialized by setting PGGEQO environment variable. It may be useful when joining big relations with small ones. This algorithm is off by default. It's not used by GEQO anyway. KSQO Key Set Query Optimizer forces the query optimizer to optimize repetative OR clauses such as generated by MicroSoft Access: ON enables this optimization. OFF disables this optimization. DEFAULT Equivalent to specifying SET KSQO='OFF'. It may be useful when joining big relations with small ones. This algorithm is off by default. It's not used by GEQO anyway. The frontend may be initialized by setting the PGKSQO environment variable. QUERY_LIMIT Sets the maximum number of rows returned by a query. By default, there is no limit to the number of rows returned by a query. # Sets the maximum number of rows returned by a query to #. DEFAULT Sets the maximum number of rows returned by a query to be unlimited. 1998-09-24 SET VARIABLE Message returned if successfully. WARN: Bad value for variable (value) If the command fails to set the specified variable. 1998-09-24 SET will modify configuration parameters for variable during a session. Current values can be obtained using SHOW, and values can be restored to the defaults using RESET. Parameters and values are case-insensitive. Note that the value field is always specified as a string, so is enclosed in single-quotes. SET TIME ZONE changes the session's default time zone offset. An SQL-session always begins with an initial default time zone offset. The SET TIME ZONE statement is used to change the default time zone offset for the current SQL session. 1998-09-24 The SET variable statement is a Postgres language extension. Refer to SHOW and RESET to display or reset the current values. --Set the style of date to ISO: -- SET DATESTYLE TO 'ISO'; --Enable GEQO for queries with 4 or more tables -- SET GEQO ON=4; --Set GEQO to default: -- SET GEQO = DEFAULT; --set the timezone for Berkeley, California: SET TIME ZONE 'PST8PDT'; SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS today; today ---------------------- 1998-03-31 07:41:21-08 --set the timezone for Italy: SET TIME ZONE 'Europe/Rome'; SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS today; today ---------------------- 1998-03-31 17:41:31+02 1998-09-24 There is no SET variable in SQL92 (except for SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL). The SQL92 syntax for SET TIME ZONE is slightly different, allowing only a single integer value for time zone specification: SET TIME ZONE { interval_value_expression | LOCAL }