CREATE TABLE vutest1 (a integer, b text); INSERT INTO vutest1 VALUES (1, 'one'); INSERT INTO vutest1 VALUES (2, 'two'); -- simple view updatability conditions CREATE VIEW vutestv1 AS SELECT a, b FROM vutest1; CREATE VIEW vutestv2 AS SELECT * FROM vutest1; CREATE VIEW vutestv3 AS SELECT b, a FROM vutest1; CREATE VIEW vutestv4 AS SELECT a, b FROM vutest1 WHERE a < 5; -- not updatable tests: CREATE VIEW vutestv5 AS SELECT sum(a) FROM vutest1; -- aggregate function CREATE VIEW vutestv6 AS SELECT b FROM vutest1 GROUP BY b; -- GROUP BY CREATE VIEW vutestv7 AS SELECT l.b AS x, r.b AS y FROM vutest1 l, vutest1 r WHERE r.a = l.a; -- JOIN CREATE VIEW vutestv8 AS SELECT 42; -- no table CREATE VIEW vutestv9 AS SELECT a * 2 AS x, b || b AS y FROM vutest1; -- derived columns CREATE VIEW vutestv10 AS SELECT a AS x, a AS y FROM vutest1; -- column referenced more than once CREATE VIEW vutestv11 AS SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 5); -- table function CREATE VIEW vutestv12 AS SELECT xmin, xmax, a, b FROM vutest1; -- system columns CREATE VIEW vutestv13 AS SELECT DISTINCT a, b FROM vutest1; -- DISTINCT CREATE VIEW vutestv14 AS SELECT a, b FROM vutest1 WHERE a > (SELECT avg(a) FROM vutest1); -- *is* updatable, but SQL standard disallows this CREATE VIEW vutestv15 AS SELECT a, b FROM vutest1 UNION ALL SELECT a, b FROM vutest1; -- UNION CREATE VIEW vutestv16 AS SELECT x, y FROM (SELECT * FROM vutest1) AS foo (x, y); -- subquery ("derived table"); SQL standard allows this CREATE VIEW vutestv17 AS SELECT a, 5, b FROM vutest1; -- constant CREATE VIEW vutestv18 AS SELECT a, b FROM vutest1 LIMIT 1; -- LIMIT CREATE VIEW vutestv19 AS SELECT a, b FROM vutest1 OFFSET 1; -- OFFSET CREATE VIEW vutestv101 AS SELECT a, rank() OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY b DESC) FROM vutest1; -- window function CREATE VIEW vutestv102 AS WITH foo AS (SELECT a, b FROM vutest1) SELECT * FROM foo; -- SQL standard allows this CREATE VIEW vutestv103 AS WITH RECURSIVE t(n) AS (SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT n+1 FROM t) SELECT a FROM vutest1; -- recursive INSERT INTO vutestv1 VALUES (3, 'three'); INSERT INTO vutestv2 VALUES (4, 'four'); INSERT INTO vutestv3 VALUES (5, 'five'); -- fail INSERT INTO vutestv3 VALUES ('five', 5); INSERT INTO vutestv3 (a, b) VALUES (6, 'six'); INSERT INTO vutestv4 VALUES (7, 'seven'); -- ok, but would be check option issue INSERT INTO vutestv5 VALUES (8); -- fail SELECT * FROM vutest1; SELECT * FROM vutestv1; SELECT * FROM vutestv2; SELECT * FROM vutestv3; SELECT * FROM vutestv4; SELECT * FROM vutestv5; UPDATE vutestv1 SET b = 'a lot' WHERE a = 7; DELETE FROM vutestv2 WHERE a = 1; UPDATE vutestv4 SET b = b || '!' WHERE a > 1; DELETE FROM vutestv4 WHERE a > 3; UPDATE vutestv6 SET b = 37; -- fail DELETE FROM vutestv5; -- fail SELECT * FROM vutest1 ORDER BY a, b; SELECT * FROM vutestv1 ORDER BY a, b; SELECT * FROM vutestv2 ORDER BY a, b; SELECT * FROM vutestv4 ORDER BY a, b; TRUNCATE TABLE vutest1; -- views on views CREATE VIEW vutestv20 AS SELECT a AS x, b AS y FROM vutestv1; CREATE VIEW vutestv21 AS SELECT x AS a FROM vutestv20 WHERE x % 2 = 0; CREATE VIEW vutestv22 AS SELECT sum(a) FROM vutestv21; -- not updatable CREATE VIEW vutestv23 AS SELECT * FROM vutestv12; -- not updatable INSERT INTO vutestv20 (x, y) VALUES (1, 'one'); INSERT INTO vutestv20 (x, y) VALUES (3, 'three'); INSERT INTO vutestv21 VALUES (2); SELECT * FROM vutest1; SELECT * FROM vutestv20; SELECT * FROM vutestv21; UPDATE vutestv20 SET y = 'eins' WHERE x = 1; UPDATE vutestv21 SET a = 222; SELECT * FROM vutest1; SELECT * FROM vutestv20; SELECT * FROM vutestv21; DELETE FROM vutestv20 WHERE x = 3; SELECT * FROM vutest1; SELECT * FROM vutestv20; SELECT * FROM vutestv21; -- insert tests CREATE TABLE vutest2 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b text NOT NULL, c text NOT NULL DEFAULT 'foo'); CREATE VIEW vutestv30 AS SELECT a, b, c FROM vutest2; CREATE VIEW vutestv31 AS SELECT a, b FROM vutest2; CREATE VIEW vutestv32 AS SELECT a, c FROM vutest2; INSERT INTO vutestv30 VALUES (1, 'one', 'eins'); INSERT INTO vutestv31 VALUES (2, 'two'); INSERT INTO vutestv32 VALUES (3, 'drei'); -- fail UPDATE vutestv31 SET a = 22 WHERE a = 2; UPDATE vutestv32 SET c = 'drei!' WHERE a = 3; SELECT rulename, definition FROM pg_rules WHERE tablename LIKE 'vutestv%' ORDER BY tablename, rulename; -- interaction of manual and automatic rules, view replacement CREATE VIEW vutestv40 AS SELECT a, b FROM vutest1; CREATE RULE zmy_update AS ON UPDATE TO vutestv40 DO INSTEAD DELETE FROM vutest1; -- drops automatic _UPDATE rule CREATE RULE "_INSERT" AS ON INSERT TO vutestv40 DO INSTEAD DELETE FROM vutest1; -- replaces automatic _INSERT rule CREATE RULE zmy_delete AS ON DELETE TO vutestv40 DO ALSO DELETE FROM vutest1; -- leaves automatic _DELETE rule (because of ALSO) CREATE VIEW vutestv41 AS SELECT a + 1 AS aa, b FROM vutest1; -- not updatable CREATE RULE "_UPDATE" AS ON UPDATE TO vutestv41 DO INSTEAD UPDATE vutest1 SET a = new.aa - 1, b = new.b WHERE a = old.aa - 1 AND b = old.b; CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vutestv41 AS SELECT a AS aa, b FROM vutest1; -- *now* updatable, manual _UPDATE rule stays CREATE VIEW vutestv42 AS SELECT a + 1 AS aa, b FROM vutest1; -- not updatable CREATE RULE zmy_update AS ON UPDATE TO vutestv42 DO INSTEAD UPDATE vutest1 SET a = new.aa - 1, b = new.b WHERE a = old.aa - 1 AND b = old.b; CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vutestv42 AS SELECT a AS aa, b FROM vutest1; -- *now* updatable, zmy_update stays, no _UPDATE created CREATE VIEW vutestv43 AS SELECT a AS aa, b FROM vutest1; -- updatable CREATE RULE zmy_update AS ON UPDATE TO vutestv43 DO INSTEAD DELETE FROM vutest1; -- drops automatic _UPDATE rule CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vutestv43 AS SELECT a + 1 AS aa, b FROM vutest1; -- no longer updatable, automatic rules are deleted, manual rules kept CREATE VIEW vutestv44 AS SELECT a, b FROM vutest1; -- updatable CREATE RULE zmy_update AS ON UPDATE TO vutestv44 DO INSTEAD DELETE FROM vutest1; -- drops automatic _UPDATE rule CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vutestv44 AS SELECT a, b FROM vutest2; -- automatic update rules are updated, manual rules kept SELECT rulename, definition FROM pg_rules WHERE tablename LIKE 'vutestv4_' ORDER BY tablename, rulename; -- ACL CREATE USER regressuser1; CREATE USER regressuser2; GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON vutest1 TO regressuser1; SET ROLE regressuser1; CREATE VIEW vutestv50 AS SELECT a, b FROM vutest1; GRANT SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE ON vutestv50 TO regressuser2; SELECT * FROM vutestv50; INSERT INTO vutestv50 VALUES (0, 'zero'); UPDATE vutestv50 SET a = 1; UPDATE vutestv50 SET a = 2 WHERE a = 1; DELETE FROM vutestv50; -- ERROR RESET ROLE; SET ROLE regressuser2; SELECT * FROM vutestv50; INSERT INTO vutestv50 VALUES (0, 'zero'); -- ERROR UPDATE vutestv50 SET a = 1; UPDATE vutestv50 SET a = 2 WHERE a = 1; DELETE FROM vutestv50; -- ERROR on vutest1 RESET ROLE; DROP VIEW vutestv50; REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON vutest1 FROM regressuser1; DROP USER regressuser1, regressuser2;