1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
|
--
-- CONSTRAINTS
-- Constraints can be specified with:
-- - DEFAULT clause
-- - CHECK clauses
-- - PRIMARY KEY clauses
-- - UNIQUE clauses
--
--
-- DEFAULT syntax
--
CREATE TABLE DEFAULT_TBL (i int DEFAULT 100,
x text DEFAULT 'vadim', f float8 DEFAULT 123.456);
INSERT INTO DEFAULT_TBL VALUES (1, 'thomas', 57.0613);
INSERT INTO DEFAULT_TBL VALUES (1, 'bruce');
INSERT INTO DEFAULT_TBL (i, f) VALUES (2, 987.654);
INSERT INTO DEFAULT_TBL (x) VALUES ('marc');
INSERT INTO DEFAULT_TBL VALUES (3, null, 1.0);
SELECT '' AS five, * FROM DEFAULT_TBL;
five | i | x | f
------+-----+--------+---------
| 1 | thomas | 57.0613
| 1 | bruce | 123.456
| 2 | vadim | 987.654
| 100 | marc | 123.456
| 3 | | 1
(5 rows)
CREATE SEQUENCE DEFAULT_SEQ;
CREATE TABLE DEFAULTEXPR_TBL (i1 int DEFAULT 100 + (200-199) * 2,
i2 int DEFAULT nextval('default_seq'));
INSERT INTO DEFAULTEXPR_TBL VALUES (-1, -2);
INSERT INTO DEFAULTEXPR_TBL (i1) VALUES (-3);
INSERT INTO DEFAULTEXPR_TBL (i2) VALUES (-4);
INSERT INTO DEFAULTEXPR_TBL (i2) VALUES (NULL);
SELECT '' AS four, * FROM DEFAULTEXPR_TBL;
four | i1 | i2
------+-----+----
| -1 | -2
| -3 | 1
| 102 | -4
| 102 |
(4 rows)
-- syntax errors
-- test for extraneous comma
CREATE TABLE error_tbl (i int DEFAULT (100, ));
ERROR: parser: parse error at or near ","
-- this will fail because gram.y uses b_expr not a_expr for defaults,
-- to avoid a shift/reduce conflict that arises from NOT NULL being
-- part of the column definition syntax:
CREATE TABLE error_tbl (b1 bool DEFAULT 1 IN (1, 2));
ERROR: parser: parse error at or near "IN"
-- this should work, however:
CREATE TABLE error_tbl (b1 bool DEFAULT (1 IN (1, 2)));
DROP TABLE error_tbl;
--
-- CHECK syntax
--
CREATE TABLE CHECK_TBL (x int,
CONSTRAINT CHECK_CON CHECK (x > 3));
INSERT INTO CHECK_TBL VALUES (5);
INSERT INTO CHECK_TBL VALUES (4);
INSERT INTO CHECK_TBL VALUES (3);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint check_con
INSERT INTO CHECK_TBL VALUES (2);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint check_con
INSERT INTO CHECK_TBL VALUES (6);
INSERT INTO CHECK_TBL VALUES (1);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint check_con
SELECT '' AS three, * FROM CHECK_TBL;
three | x
-------+---
| 5
| 4
| 6
(3 rows)
CREATE SEQUENCE CHECK_SEQ;
CREATE TABLE CHECK2_TBL (x int, y text, z int,
CONSTRAINT SEQUENCE_CON
CHECK (x > 3 and y <> 'check failed' and z < 8));
INSERT INTO CHECK2_TBL VALUES (4, 'check ok', -2);
INSERT INTO CHECK2_TBL VALUES (1, 'x check failed', -2);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint sequence_con
INSERT INTO CHECK2_TBL VALUES (5, 'z check failed', 10);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint sequence_con
INSERT INTO CHECK2_TBL VALUES (0, 'check failed', -2);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint sequence_con
INSERT INTO CHECK2_TBL VALUES (6, 'check failed', 11);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint sequence_con
INSERT INTO CHECK2_TBL VALUES (7, 'check ok', 7);
SELECT '' AS two, * from CHECK2_TBL;
two | x | y | z
-----+---+----------+----
| 4 | check ok | -2
| 7 | check ok | 7
(2 rows)
--
-- Check constraints on INSERT
--
CREATE SEQUENCE INSERT_SEQ;
CREATE TABLE INSERT_TBL (x INT DEFAULT nextval('insert_seq'),
y TEXT DEFAULT '-NULL-',
z INT DEFAULT -1 * currval('insert_seq'),
CONSTRAINT INSERT_CON CHECK (x >= 3 AND y <> 'check failed' AND x < 8),
CHECK (x + z = 0));
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(x,z) VALUES (2, -2);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint insert_con
SELECT '' AS zero, * FROM INSERT_TBL;
zero | x | y | z
------+---+---+---
(0 rows)
SELECT 'one' AS one, nextval('insert_seq');
one | nextval
-----+---------
one | 1
(1 row)
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y) VALUES ('Y');
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint insert_con
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y) VALUES ('Y');
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(x,z) VALUES (1, -2);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint $2
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(z,x) VALUES (-7, 7);
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL VALUES (5, 'check failed', -5);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint insert_con
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL VALUES (7, '!check failed', -7);
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y) VALUES ('-!NULL-');
SELECT '' AS four, * FROM INSERT_TBL;
four | x | y | z
------+---+---------------+----
| 3 | Y | -3
| 7 | -NULL- | -7
| 7 | !check failed | -7
| 4 | -!NULL- | -4
(4 rows)
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y,z) VALUES ('check failed', 4);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint $2
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(x,y) VALUES (5, 'check failed');
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint insert_con
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(x,y) VALUES (5, '!check failed');
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y) VALUES ('-!NULL-');
SELECT '' AS six, * FROM INSERT_TBL;
six | x | y | z
-----+---+---------------+----
| 3 | Y | -3
| 7 | -NULL- | -7
| 7 | !check failed | -7
| 4 | -!NULL- | -4
| 5 | !check failed | -5
| 6 | -!NULL- | -6
(6 rows)
SELECT 'seven' AS one, nextval('insert_seq');
one | nextval
-------+---------
seven | 7
(1 row)
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y) VALUES ('Y');
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint insert_con
SELECT 'eight' AS one, currval('insert_seq');
one | currval
-------+---------
eight | 8
(1 row)
-- According to SQL92, it is OK to insert a record that gives rise to NULL
-- constraint-condition results. Postgres used to reject this, but it
-- was wrong:
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL VALUES (null, null, null);
SELECT '' AS nine, * FROM INSERT_TBL;
nine | x | y | z
------+---+---------------+----
| 3 | Y | -3
| 7 | -NULL- | -7
| 7 | !check failed | -7
| 4 | -!NULL- | -4
| 5 | !check failed | -5
| 6 | -!NULL- | -6
| | |
(7 rows)
--
-- Check inheritance of defaults and constraints
--
CREATE TABLE INSERT_CHILD (cx INT default 42,
cy INT CHECK (cy > x))
INHERITS (INSERT_TBL);
INSERT INTO INSERT_CHILD(x,z,cy) VALUES (7,-7,11);
INSERT INTO INSERT_CHILD(x,z,cy) VALUES (7,-7,6);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint insert_child_cy
INSERT INTO INSERT_CHILD(x,z,cy) VALUES (6,-7,7);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint $1
INSERT INTO INSERT_CHILD(x,y,z,cy) VALUES (6,'check failed',-6,7);
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint insert_con
SELECT * FROM INSERT_CHILD;
x | y | z | cx | cy
---+--------+----+----+----
7 | -NULL- | -7 | 42 | 11
(1 row)
DROP TABLE INSERT_CHILD;
--
-- Check constraints on INSERT INTO
--
DELETE FROM INSERT_TBL;
DROP SEQUENCE INSERT_SEQ;
CREATE SEQUENCE INSERT_SEQ START 4;
CREATE TABLE tmp (xd INT, yd TEXT, zd INT);
INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (null, 'Y', null);
INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (5, '!check failed', null);
INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (null, 'try again', null);
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y) select yd from tmp;
NOTICE: insert_seq.nextval: sequence was re-created
SELECT '' AS three, * FROM INSERT_TBL;
three | x | y | z
-------+---+---------------+----
| 4 | Y | -4
| 5 | !check failed | -5
| 6 | try again | -6
(3 rows)
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL SELECT * FROM tmp WHERE yd = 'try again';
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y,z) SELECT yd, -7 FROM tmp WHERE yd = 'try again';
INSERT INTO INSERT_TBL(y,z) SELECT yd, -8 FROM tmp WHERE yd = 'try again';
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint insert_con
SELECT '' AS four, * FROM INSERT_TBL;
four | x | y | z
------+---+---------------+----
| 4 | Y | -4
| 5 | !check failed | -5
| 6 | try again | -6
| | try again |
| 7 | try again | -7
(5 rows)
DROP TABLE tmp;
--
-- Check constraints on UPDATE
--
UPDATE INSERT_TBL SET x = NULL WHERE x = 5;
UPDATE INSERT_TBL SET x = 6 WHERE x = 6;
UPDATE INSERT_TBL SET x = -z, z = -x;
UPDATE INSERT_TBL SET x = z, z = x;
ERROR: ExecReplace: rejected due to CHECK constraint insert_con
SELECT * FROM INSERT_TBL;
x | y | z
---+---------------+----
4 | Y | -4
| try again |
7 | try again | -7
5 | !check failed |
6 | try again | -6
(5 rows)
-- DROP TABLE INSERT_TBL;
--
-- Check constraints on COPY FROM
--
CREATE TABLE COPY_TBL (x INT, y TEXT, z INT,
CONSTRAINT COPY_CON
CHECK (x > 3 AND y <> 'check failed' AND x < 7 ));
COPY COPY_TBL FROM '@abs_srcdir@/data/constro.data';
SELECT '' AS two, * FROM COPY_TBL;
two | x | y | z
-----+---+---------------+---
| 4 | !check failed | 5
| 6 | OK | 4
(2 rows)
COPY COPY_TBL FROM '@abs_srcdir@/data/constrf.data';
ERROR: copy: line 2, CopyFrom: rejected due to CHECK constraint copy_con
SELECT * FROM COPY_TBL;
x | y | z
---+---------------+---
4 | !check failed | 5
6 | OK | 4
(2 rows)
--
-- Primary keys
--
CREATE TABLE PRIMARY_TBL (i int PRIMARY KEY, t text);
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index 'primary_tbl_pkey' for table 'primary_tbl'
INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (1, 'one');
INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (2, 'two');
INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (1, 'three');
ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index primary_tbl_pkey
INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (4, 'three');
INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (5, 'one');
INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL (t) VALUES ('six');
ERROR: ExecAppend: Fail to add null value in not null attribute i
SELECT '' AS four, * FROM PRIMARY_TBL;
four | i | t
------+---+-------
| 1 | one
| 2 | two
| 4 | three
| 5 | one
(4 rows)
DROP TABLE PRIMARY_TBL;
CREATE TABLE PRIMARY_TBL (i int, t text,
PRIMARY KEY(i,t));
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index 'primary_tbl_pkey' for table 'primary_tbl'
INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (1, 'one');
INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (2, 'two');
INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (1, 'three');
INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (4, 'three');
INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL VALUES (5, 'one');
INSERT INTO PRIMARY_TBL (t) VALUES ('six');
ERROR: ExecAppend: Fail to add null value in not null attribute i
SELECT '' AS three, * FROM PRIMARY_TBL;
three | i | t
-------+---+-------
| 1 | one
| 2 | two
| 1 | three
| 4 | three
| 5 | one
(5 rows)
DROP TABLE PRIMARY_TBL;
--
-- Unique keys
--
CREATE TABLE UNIQUE_TBL (i int UNIQUE, t text);
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / UNIQUE will create implicit index 'unique_tbl_i_key' for table 'unique_tbl'
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (1, 'one');
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (2, 'two');
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (1, 'three');
ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index unique_tbl_i_key
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (4, 'four');
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (5, 'one');
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL (t) VALUES ('six');
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL (t) VALUES ('seven');
SELECT '' AS five, * FROM UNIQUE_TBL;
five | i | t
------+---+-------
| 1 | one
| 2 | two
| 4 | four
| 5 | one
| | six
| | seven
(6 rows)
DROP TABLE UNIQUE_TBL;
CREATE TABLE UNIQUE_TBL (i int, t text,
UNIQUE(i,t));
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / UNIQUE will create implicit index 'unique_tbl_i_key' for table 'unique_tbl'
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (1, 'one');
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (2, 'two');
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (1, 'three');
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (1, 'one');
ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index unique_tbl_i_key
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL VALUES (5, 'one');
INSERT INTO UNIQUE_TBL (t) VALUES ('six');
SELECT '' AS five, * FROM UNIQUE_TBL;
five | i | t
------+---+-------
| 1 | one
| 2 | two
| 1 | three
| 5 | one
| | six
(5 rows)
DROP TABLE UNIQUE_TBL;
|