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+

+  PostgreSQL ³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©

+

+×î½ü¸üУº2003 Äê 01 Ô 06 ÈÕ ÐÇÆÚÒ» 22:27:35 CST

+

+Ŀǰά»¤ÈËÔ±£ºBruce Momjian (pgman@candle.pha.pa.us

+<mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us>)

+ÖÐÎÄ°æά»¤ÈËÔ±£ººÎΰƽ £¨laser@pgsqldb.com £©

+

+±¾ÎĵµµÄ×îа汾¿ÉÒÔÔÚhttp:

+//www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html ²é¿´¡£

+

+²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨Ïà¹ØµÄÎÊÌâÔÚhttp://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/Àï»Ø´ð¡£

+

+------------------------------------------------------------------------

+

+

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+------------------------------------------------------------------------

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+Ä¿Ç°µÄЭµ÷ÈËÊÇ Marc G. Fournier £¨scrappy@postgreSQL.org

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+ÏÖÔÚ¸ºÔð PostgreSQL µÄËùÓпª·¢¡£

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+PostgreSQL 1.01 µÄ×÷ÕßÊÇ Andrew Yu ºÍ Jolly Chen¡£»¹ÓÐÐí¶àÆäËûÈËΪÒÆÖ²£¬

+²âÊÔ£¬µ÷ÊÔºÍÔöÇ¿´úÂë×öÁË´óÁ¿¹±Ïס£PostgreSQL µÄ×î³õÆðÔ´ Postgres£¬ÊÇÔÚ¼Ó

+ÖÝ´óѧ²®¿ËÀû·ÖУµÄ Michael Stonebraker ½ÌÊÚµÄÖ¸µ¼Ï£¬ÓÉÐí¶àÑо¿Éú£¬±¾¿Æ

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+PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿â¹ÜÀíϵͳ

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+£¨PostgreSQL Data Base Management System£©

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+²¿·Ö°æȨ£¨c£©1996-2002£¬PostgreSQL È«Çò¿ª·¢Ð¡×é

+²¿·Ö°æȨ£¨c£©1994-6 ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶­ÊÂ

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+£¨Portions copyright (c) 1996-2002, PostgreSQL Global Development Group

+ Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California£©

+

+ÔÊÐíΪÈκÎÄ¿µÄʹÓ㬿½±´£¬Ð޸ĺͷַ¢Õâ¸öÈí¼þºÍËüµÄÎĵµ¶ø²»ÊÕÈ¡ÈκηÑÓã¬

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+³öÏÖÔÚËùÓп½±´ÖС£

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+£¨Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its

+documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written

+agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice

+and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.£©

+

+ÔÚÈκÎÇé¿öÏ£¬¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶¼²»³Ðµ£ÒòʹÓôËÈí¼þ¼°ÆäÎĵµ¶øµ¼ÖµĶÔÈκε±ÊÂÈ˵Ä

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+

+£¨IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY

+FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES,

+INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS

+DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF

+THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.£©

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+¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÃ÷È··ÅÆúÈκα£Ö¤£¬°üÀ¨µ«²»¾ÖÏÞÓÚijһÌض¨ÓÃ;µÄÉÌÒµºÍÀûÒæµÄÒþº¬±£

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+£¨THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES,

+INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY

+AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS

+ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS

+TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.£©

+

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+µÄÓʼþµ½ pgsql-general-request@postgreSQL.org

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+ÿµ±Ö÷Áбí´ïµ½´óÔ¼ 30k µÄÏûÏ¢ÄÚÈÝʱ£¬ÕªÒª¾Í·¢Ë͸øÕâ¸öÁбíµÄ³ÉÔ±¡£

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+ÎÒÃǵÄÐí¶àÓû§Ï²»¶ /The Practical SQL Handbook, Bowman, Judith S., et

+al., Addison-Wesley ¡£ / ÆäËûµÄÓÐ/ The Complete Reference SQL, Groff et

+al., McGraw-Hill ¡£/

+

+

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+

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+

+------------------------------------------------------------------------

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+

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+

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+ÓÐÁ½¸ö ODBC Çý¶¯¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ£¬PsqlODBC ºÍ OpenLink ODBC.

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+<mailto:postgres95@openlink.co.uk>¡£

+

+

+        2.2) ÓÐʲô¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ PostgreSQL ÓÃÓÚ Web Ò³Ã棿

+

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+

+

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+Êǵġ£Óм¸¸öÊÊÓÃÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄͼÐνӿڡ£°üÀ¨PgAccess£¨http:

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+¿Ú¡£

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+Ò³ÊÇ http://www.pgaccess.org/¡£

+

+

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+

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+ÁÐ±í¡£

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+

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+    * Embedded C (ecpg)

+    * Java (jdbc)

+    * Python (PyGreSQL)

+    * TCL (libpgtcl)

+

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+------------------------------------------------------------------------

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+

+    ϵͳ¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ

+

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+

+

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+

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+ÒýÖ»ÄÜ´¦ÀíһάµÄ·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£R-tree Ë÷Òý¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí¶àάÊý¾Ý¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹û¿ÉÒÔÔÚ

+Ò»¸öÀàÐÍΪ point µÄ×Ö¶ÎÉϽ¨Á¢Ò»¸ö R-tree Ë÷Òý£¬ÄÇôϵͳÄܸü¸ßЧµØ»Ø´ðÀà

+ËÆ ¡°Ñ¡ÔñÔÚÒ»¸ö³¤·½Ðη¶Î§ÄÚµÄËùÓе㡱¡£

+

+ÃèÊö×î³õµÄ R-Tree Éè¼ÆµÄÕýʽÂÛÎÄÊÇ£º

+

+Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching."

+Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, 45-57.

+

+Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚ Stonebraker µÄ¡°Readings in Database Systems¡±ÀïÕÒµ½ÕâƪÎÄÕ¡£

+

+ϵͳÄÚÖÃµÄ R-Tree ¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí¶à±ßÐκͷ½ÐΡ£ÀíÂÛÉÏ˵£¬R-tree ¿ÉÒÔÀ©Õ¹Îª´¦Àí

+¸ü¶àάÊý¡£²»¹ýÔÚʵ¼ùÉÏ£¬À©Õ¹ R-trees ÐèÒªÒ»¶¨µÄ¹¤×÷Á¿£¬¶øÎÒÃÇĿǰûÓÐÈç

+ºÎ×öµÄÎĵµ¡£

+

+

+        4.11) ʲôÊÇ»ùÒò²éѯÓÅ»¯£¨Genetic Query Optimization£©£¿

+

+GEQO Ä£¿é²ÉÓûùÒòËã·¨£¨Genetic Algorithm£¬GA£©¼Ó¿ì¶à±íÁ¬½ÓµÄ²éѯÓÅ»¯¡£Ëü

+ÔÊÐíͨ¹ý·ÇÇî¾ÙËÑË÷´¦Àí´óµÄÁ¬½Ó²éѯ¡£

+

+

+        4.12) ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷£¿ÔõÑùÀû

+        ÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎÞ¹ØËÑË÷£¿

+

+²Ù×÷·û ~ ´¦ÀíÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅ䣬¶ø ~* ´¦Àí´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅä¡£´óд

+ЩÎÞ¹ØµÄ LIKE ±äÖÖ³ÉΪ ILIKE¡£

+

+´óСдÎ޹صĵÈʽ±È½Ïͨ³£Ð´×ö£º

+

+    SELECT *

+    FROM tab

+    WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';

+

+ÕâÑù½«²»»áʹÓñê×¼µÄË÷Òý¡£µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸ö¿É±»ÀûÓõĺ¯ÊýË÷Òý:

+

+    CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));

+

+

+        4.13) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ NULL£¿

+

+Óà IS NULL ºÍ IS NOT NULL ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×ֶΡ£ 

+

+

+        4.14) ¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿

+

+  ÀàÐÍ            ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ    ˵Ã÷

+  --------------------------------------------------

+  "char"        char         1¸ö×Ö·û character

+  CHAR(#)      bpchar       ¶¨³¤×Ö·û´®£¬Êµ¼ÊÊý¾Ý²»×㶨Ò峤¶Èʱ£¬ÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹Æë

+  VARCHAR(#)  varchar     Ö¸¶¨ÁË×î´ó³¤¶È£¬±ä³¤×Ö·û´®£¬²»×㶨Ò峤¶ÈµÄ²¿·Ö

+²»²¹Æë

+  TEXT           text         ´®³¤¶È½öÊÜÐеÄ×î´ó³¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ

+  BYTEA          bytea       ±ä³¤×Ö½ÚÐòÁУ¨±ä³¤µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£©

+

+ÔÚϵͳ±íºÍÔÚһЩ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÀïÄ㽫¿´µ½ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ¡£ 

+

+ÉÏÃæ×îºóËÄÖÖÀàÐÍÊÇ"varlena"£¨±ä³¤£©ÀàÐÍ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬¿ªÍ·µÄËĸö×Ö½ÚÊdz¤

+¶È£¬ºóÃæ²ÅÊÇÊý¾Ý£©¡£ÓÚÊÇʵ¼ÊÕ¼ÓõĿռä±ÈÉùÃ÷µÄ´óСҪ¶àһЩ¡£È»¶øÕâЩÀàÐÍ

+¶¼¿ÉÒÔ±»Ñ¹Ëõ´æ´¢£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓà TOAST ÍÑ»ú´æ´¢£¬Òò´Ë´ÅÅÌ¿Õ¼äÒ²¿ÉÄܱÈÔ¤ÏëµÄÒªÉÙ¡£

+

+CHAR(n) ×îÊʺÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶È»ù±¾²î²»¶àµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£VARCHAR(n) ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó

+³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£TEXT ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢²»ÏÞÖƳ¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®£¬×î´ó¿É´ï

+1G¡£BYTEA ÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ°üº¬ NULL ×Ö½Ú£¨¶þ½øÖƵÄ0£©µÄÖµ¡£Õâ

+ЩÀàÐ;ßÓÐÀàÐ͵ÄÐÔÄÜ¡£

+

+

+        4.15.1) ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿

+

+PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磬

+    CREATE TABLE person ( 

+        id SERIAL, 

+        name TEXT 

+        );

+

+»á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º 

+    

+    CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;

+    CREATE TABLE person ( 

+        id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),

+        name TEXT 

+        );

+    CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );

+

+²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÿÐÐµÄ oid

+×Ö¶Î×÷Ϊһ¸öΨһֵ¡£²»¹ý£¬Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒªÇãµ¹ºÍÖØÔØÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÄãÐèҪʹÓà pg_dump

+µÄ -o Ñ¡Ïî»òÕß COPY WITH OIDS Ñ¡ÏîÒÔ±£Áô OID¡£ 

+

+

+        4.15.2) ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿

+

+Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö SERIAL

+Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓà 4.15.1 <#4.15.1> ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º 

+

+    new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");

+    execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise

+Pascal')");

+

+ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person ±íµÄÍâ

+¼ü£©¡£×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ

+<table>_<serialcolumn>_seq£¬ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû

+³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£ 

+

+ÀàËƵģ¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ

+SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磬 

+

+    execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");

+    new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");

+

+×îºó£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ´Ó INSERT Óï¾ä·µ»ØµÄ OID <4.16> ²éÕÒȱʡֵ£¬¾¡¹ÜÕâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ

+×îȱ·¦ÒÆÖ²ÐԵķ½·¨¡£ÔÚ Perl ÀʹÓôøÓÐ Edmund Mergl µÄ DBD::Pg Ä£¿éµÄ

+DBI£¬oid Öµ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý $sth->execute() ºóµÄ $sth->{pg_oid_status} »ñµÃ¡£ 

+

+

+        4.15.3) ʹÓà currval() ºÍ nextval() »áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸öÓëÆäËûÓû§Ö®¼äµÄÎÉ

+        ÂÒÇé¿öÂð£¿

+

+²»»á¡£currval() ·µ»Øºǫ́½ø³Ì¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§¸³ÓèµÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£

+

+

+        4.15.4) Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×Ö¶Î

+        µÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿

+

+ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÖ»ÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊøÖ®

+Ç°²»·âËø¡£Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂزÕÛÊÂÎñºóµÄÐòÁкųöÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£

+

+

+

+        4.16) ʲôÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ TID£¿

+

+OID ÊÇ PostgreSQL ÖÐÐеÄΨһ±êʶ¡£PostgreSQL Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐж¼»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨ

+Ò»µÄ OID¡£ËùÓÐÔÚ initdb ¹ý³ÌÖд´½¨µÄ OID ¶¼Ð¡ÓÚ 16384 £¨²Î¼û

+include/access/transam.h£©¡£ËùÓÐÓû§´´½¨µÄ OID ¶¼´óÓÚ»òµÈÓÚÕâ¸öÖµ¡£È±Ê¡

+ʱ£¬ËùÓÐÕâЩ OID ²»½öÔÚÒ»¸ö±í»òÒ»¸öÊý¾Ý¿âÀïÃæΨһ£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL

+°²×°ÀïÒ²ÊÇΨһµÄ¡£ 

+

+PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓà OID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£ÕâЩ OID ¿ÉÒÔÓÃ

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+ÔÚ OID ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ´´½¨Ò»¸öË÷ÒýÒÔ¿ìËÙ·ÃÎÊ¡£ 

+

+OID ´ÓÒ»¸ö±»ËùÓÐÊý¾Ý¿âʹÓõÄÖÐÐÄÇøÓòÀ︳ֵ¸øËùÓÐÐÂÐС£Èç¹ûÄãÏë°Ñ OID ¸Ä

+³É±ðµÄÖµ£¬»òÕßÏë×öÒ»·Ý±íµÄ´øԭʼ OID µÄ¿½±´£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ×öµ½£º 

+

+    CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int);

+    SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;

+    COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';

+    DELETE FROM new;

+    COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';

+

+OID ÓÃ4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý±£´æ£¬ÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö¡£Ã»ÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ³öÏÖ¹ýÒç³ö£¬¶øÎÒÃÇ

+´òËãÔÚÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ֮ǰÏû³ýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£

+

+TID ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌض¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£TID ÔÚÐб»¸ü

+¸Ä»òÖØÔغó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£

+

+

+        4.17) PostgreSQL ʹÓõÄһЩÊõÓïµÄº¬ÒåÊÇʲô£¿

+

+һЩԴ´úÂëºÍһЩ¾ÉÒ»µãµÄÎĵµÊ¹ÓÃһЩÓиü³£ÓÃÓ÷¨µÄÊõÓï¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»²¿·Ö£º 

+    table, relation, class 

+    row, record, tuple 

+    column, field, attribute 

+    retrieve, select 

+    replace, update 

+    append, insert 

+    OID, serial value 

+    portal, cursor 

+    range variable, table name, table alias 

+

+ÓÐÒ»¸öͨÓÃÊý¾Ý¿âÊõÓïµÄÁÐ±í£ºhttp://hea-

+www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html

+¡£  

+

+

+        4.18) ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎó¡°/ERROR: Memory exhausted in

+        AllocSetAlloc()/¡±£¿

+

+ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô¶¯

+postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ 

+

+    ulimit -d 262144

+    limit datasize 256m

+

+È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓÃµÄ shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆ

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+ÃüÁîÔËÐк󴴽¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòΪºǫ́·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý

+¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÔÚÔËÐпͻ§¶Ë֮ǰִÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£

+

+

+        4.19) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿

+

+´Ó psql À¼üÈë SELECT version()£»

+

+

+        4.20) ΪʲôÎҵĴó¶ÔÏó²Ù×÷µ¼Ö´íÎó¡°/invalid large obj

+        descriptor¡±£¨·Ç·¨µÄ´ó¶ÔÏóÃèÊö·û£©/£¿

+

+ÄãÐèÒªÔÚʹÓÃÈκδó¶ÔÏó¾ä±úµÄÇ°ºó·ÅÉÏ BEGIN WORK ºÍ COMMIT£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬°ü

+Χ lo_open ... lo_close¡£ 

+

+Ä¿Ç° PostgreSQL Ç¿ÖÆʵʩÕâÌõ¹æÔò£ºÔÚÊÂÎñÌύʱ¹Ø±Õ´ó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú£¬ÕâÑù£¬£¨Ã»

+ÓвÉÓÃÊÂÎñʱ£©£¬Ê״ζԴó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú×öÈκÎÊÂÇéµÄÆóͼ¶¼»áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸ö invalid

+large obj descriptor¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûÄãûÓÐʹÓÃÒ»¸öÊÂÎñ£¬ÒÔÇ°Äܹ¤×÷µÄ´úÂ루ÖÁ

+ÉÙÊÇ´ó¶àÊýʱ¼ä£©½«»áÉú³ÉÕâôһ¸ö´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡£ 

+

+Èç¹ûÄãʹÓÿͻ§¶Ë½Ó¿Ú£¬Èç ODBC£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜÐèÒª set auto-commit off¡£

+

+

+        4.21) ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿

+

+ʹÓà CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º

+

+    CREATE TABLE test(x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);

+

+

+        4.22) ΪʲôʹÓà IN µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿

+

+Ä¿Ç°£¬ÎÒÃÇͨ¹ýΪÍâ²éѯµÄÿһÐÐ˳ÐòɨÃè×Ó²éѯµÄ½á¹ûÀ´Á¬½Ó×Ó²éѯºÍÍâ²éѯ¡£

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+IN ²éѯµÄÖ´ÐУ¬¿ÉÒÔÓà EXISTS Ìæ»» IN£º 

+

+    SELECT *

+    FROM tab

+    WHERE col IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab);

+

+¸ÄΪ£º 

+

+    SELECT *

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+    WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol = col);

+

+ºóÕßÒªÏëÖ´Ðеøü¿ì£¬subcol Ó¦¸ÃÊÇÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÁС£ÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÔÚδÀ´µÄ·¢²¼°æ±¾ÖÐ

+ÐÞ²¹Õâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£

+

+

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+

+PostgreSQL ²ÉÓñê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º

+

+    SELECT *

+    FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);

+

+»ò 

+    SELECT *

+    FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);

+

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+δÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1 ºÍ t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£

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+±»³ÉΪÄÚÁ¬½Ó£¨INNER JOIN£©¡£

+

+ÔÚ´ËÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬ÍâÁ¬½Ó¿ÉÒÔÓà UNION ºÍ NOT IN À´Ä£Äâ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ÓÔÚ

+±í tab1 ºÍ tab2 Ö®¼ä×öÍâÁ¬½Ó£º

+

+    SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2

+    FROM tab1, tab2

+    WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1

+

+    UNION ALL

+

+    SELECT tab1.col1, NULL

+    FROM tab1

+    WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)

+    ORDER BY col1

+

+

+        4.24) ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿

+

+ûÓа취²éѯµ±Ç°Êý¾Ý¿âÖ®ÍâµÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ÒòΪ PostgreSQL ¼ÓÔØÊý¾Ý¿âÏà¹ØµÄϵͳ

+Ŀ¼£¨ÏµÍ³±í£©£¬¿çÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐҲδÃ÷È·¡£

+

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+¾Ý¿â²¢ÔÚ¿Í»§¶ËºÏ²¢½á¹û¡£

+

+

+        4.25) ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿

+

+¿ÉÒÔÔÚ PL/pgSQL º¯ÊýÖÐʹÓà refcursors ·µ»Ø½á¹û¼¯¡£²Î¿´

+http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html

+<http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html>,

+23.7.3.3½Ú¡£

+

+

+        4.26) ΪʲôÔÚ PL/PgSQL º¯ÊýÖв»ÄÜ¿É¿¿µØ´´½¨»òɾ³ýÁÙʱ±í£¿

+

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