doc: Update redirecting links

Update links that resulted in redirects.  Most are changes from http to
https, but there are also some other minor edits.  (There are still some
redirects where the target URL looks less elegant than the one we
currently have.  I have left those as is.)

22 files changed, 108 insertions, 114 deletions

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/acronyms.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/acronyms.sgml
index d17b6ff8f01..411e368a9c6 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/acronyms.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/acronyms.sgml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
     <term><acronym>ANSI</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute">
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute">
       American National Standards Institute</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
     <term><acronym>API</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API">Application Programming Interface</ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API">Application Programming Interface</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
     <term><acronym>ASCII</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii">American Standard
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii">American Standard
       Code for Information Interchange</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
     <term><acronym>CA</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority">Certificate Authority</ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority">Certificate Authority</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing">Classless
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing">Classless
       Inter-Domain Routing</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_revocation_list">Certificate
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_revocation_list">Certificate
       Revocation List</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values">Comma
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values">Comma
       Separated Values</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_administrator">Database
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_administrator">Database
       Administrator</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
     <term><acronym>DBI</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://dbi.perl.org/">Database Interface (Perl)</ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://dbi.perl.org/">Database Interface (Perl)</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
     <term><acronym>DBMS</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbms">Database Management
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbms">Database Management
       System</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Definition_Language">Data
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Definition_Language">Data
       Definition Language</ulink>, SQL commands such as <command>CREATE
       TABLE</command>, <command>ALTER USER</command>
      </para>
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Manipulation_Language">Data
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Manipulation_Language">Data
       Manipulation Language</ulink>, SQL commands such as <command>INSERT</command>,
       <command>UPDATE</command>, <command>DELETE</command>
      </para>
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time">Daylight
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time">Daylight
       Saving Time</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
     <term><acronym>ESQL</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_SQL">Embedded
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_SQL">Embedded
       SQL</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
     <term><acronym>FAQ</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQ">Frequently Asked
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQ">Frequently Asked
       Questions</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)">Git</ulink>
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)">Git</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@
     <term><acronym>GMT</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMT">Greenwich Mean Time</ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMT">Greenwich Mean Time</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_Security_Services_Application_Program_Interface">Generic
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_Security_Services_Application_Program_Interface">Generic
       Security Services Application Programming Interface</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/backend/access/heap/README.HOT;hb=HEAD">Heap-Only
+      url="https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/backend/access/heap/README.HOT;hb=HEAD">Heap-Only
       Tuples</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission">International
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission">International
       Electrotechnical Commission</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication">Inter-Process
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication">Inter-Process
       Communication</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@
     <term><acronym>ISO</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm">International Organization for
+      <ulink url="https://www.iso.org/home.html">International Organization for
       Standardization</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@
     <term><acronym>ISSN</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issn">International Standard
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issn">International Standard
       Serial Number</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Database_Connectivity">Java
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Database_Connectivity">Java
       Database Connectivity</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol">Lightweight
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol">Lightweight
       Directory Access Protocol</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_C++"><productname>Microsoft
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_C++"><productname>Microsoft
       Visual C</productname></ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization">National
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization">National
       Language Support</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity">Open
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity">Open
       Database Connectivity</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@
     <term><acronym>OLAP</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olap">Online Analytical
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olap">Online Analytical
       Processing</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@
     <term><acronym>OLTP</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLTP">Online Transaction
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLTP">Online Transaction
       Processing</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@
     <term><acronym>ORDBMS</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORDBMS">Object-Relational
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORDBMS">Object-Relational
       Database Management System</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules">Pluggable
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules">Pluggable
       Authentication Modules</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@
     <term><acronym>PID</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier">Process Identifier</ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier">Process Identifier</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@
     <term><acronym>POSIX</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX">Portable Operating
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX">Portable Operating
       System Interface</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system">Relational
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system">Relational
       Database Management System</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments">Request For
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments">Request For
       Comments</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@
     <term><acronym>SGML</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML">Standard Generalized
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML">Standard Generalized
       Markup Language</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@
     <term><acronym>SQL</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL">Structured Query Language</ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL">Structured Query Language</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@
     <term><acronym>SSH</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell">Secure
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell">Secure
       Shell</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@
     <term><acronym>SSL</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer">Secure Sockets Layer</ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer">Secure Sockets Layer</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@
     <term><acronym>SSPI</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa380493%28VS.85%29.aspx">Security
+      <ulink url="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa380493%28VS.85%29.aspx">Security
       Support Provider Interface</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@
     <term><acronym>SYSV</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_V">Unix System V</ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_V">Unix System V</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol">Transmission
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol">Transmission
       Control Protocol (TCP) / Internet Protocol (IP)</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@
     <term><acronym>URL</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL">Uniform Resource
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL">Uniform Resource
       Locator</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <ulink
-      url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">Coordinated
+      url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">Coordinated
       Universal Time</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@
     <term><acronym>UTF8</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utf8">Eight-Bit Unicode
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utf8">Eight-Bit Unicode
       Transformation Format</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@
     <term><acronym>XML</acronym></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML">Extensible Markup
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML">Extensible Markup
       Language</ulink>
      </para>
     </listitem>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/bloom.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/bloom.sgml
index e13ebf80fdf..f857b09bd6b 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/bloom.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/bloom.sgml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
  <para>
   <literal>bloom</literal> provides an index access method based on
-  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter">Bloom filters</ulink>.
+  <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter">Bloom filters</ulink>.
  </para>
 
  <para>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/client-auth.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/client-auth.sgml
index 656d5f9417f..c2114021c36 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/client-auth.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/client-auth.sgml
@@ -1889,7 +1889,7 @@ host ... ldap ldapserver=ldap.example.net ldapbasedn="dc=example, dc=net" ldapse
     connected remote host name or IP address. Therefore the user must already
     exist in the database before PAM can be used for authentication.  For more
     information about PAM, please read the
-    <ulink url="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/">
+    <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/">
     <productname>Linux-PAM</productname> Page</ulink>.
    </para>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/docguide.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/docguide.sgml
index 21bb429745f..420a2f9d6e5 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/docguide.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/docguide.sgml
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@
    structure and content of a technical document without worrying
    about presentation details.  A document style defines how that
    content is rendered into one of several final forms.  DocBook is
-   maintained by the <ulink url="http://www.oasis-open.org">
-   OASIS group</ulink>.  The <ulink url="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/">
+   maintained by the <ulink url="https://www.oasis-open.org">
+   OASIS group</ulink>.  The <ulink url="https://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/">
    official DocBook site</ulink> has good introductory and reference documentation and
    a complete O'Reilly book for your online reading pleasure.  The
    <ulink url="http://newbiedoc.sourceforge.net/metadoc/docbook-guide.html">
    NewbieDoc Docbook Guide</ulink> is very helpful for beginners.
-   The <ulink url="http://www.freebsd.org/docproj/docproj.html">
+   The <ulink url="https://www.freebsd.org/docproj/docproj.html">
    FreeBSD Documentation Project</ulink> also uses DocBook and has some good
    information, including a number of style guidelines that might be
    worth considering.
@@ -187,12 +187,6 @@ pkg install docbook-xml docbook-xsl fop libxslt
     directory you'll need to use <command>gmake</command>, because the
     makefile provided is not suitable for FreeBSD's <command>make</command>.
    </para>
-
-   <para>
-    More information about the FreeBSD documentation tools can be
-    found in the <ulink url="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/fdp-primer/tools.html">
-    FreeBSD Documentation Project's instructions</ulink>.
-   </para>
   </sect2>
 
   <sect2>
@@ -276,7 +270,7 @@ checking for fop... fop
 
    <para>
     To produce HTML documentation with the stylesheet used on <ulink
-    url="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current">postgresql.org</ulink> instead of the
+    url="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/">postgresql.org</ulink> instead of the
     default simple style use:
 <screen>
 <prompt>doc/src/sgml$ </prompt><userinput>make STYLE=website html</userinput>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/external-projects.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/external-projects.sgml
index 364fe7d04a5..81742d227bb 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/external-projects.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/external-projects.sgml
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
       <entry>DBD::Pg</entry>
       <entry>Perl</entry>
       <entry>Perl DBI driver</entry>
-      <entry><ulink url="https://metacpan.org/release/DBD-Pg/"></ulink></entry>
+      <entry><ulink url="https://metacpan.org/release/DBD-Pg"></ulink></entry>
      </row>
 
      <row>
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
       <entry>pgtclng</entry>
       <entry>Tcl</entry>
       <entry></entry>
-      <entry><ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/pgtclng/"></ulink></entry>
+      <entry><ulink url="https://sourceforge.net/projects/pgtclng/"></ulink></entry>
      </row>
 
      <row>
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
   <para>
    There are several administration tools available for
    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>. The most popular is
-   <application><ulink url="http://www.pgadmin.org/">pgAdmin</ulink></application>,
+   <application><ulink url="https://www.pgadmin.org/">pgAdmin</ulink></application>,
    and there are several commercially available ones as well.
   </para>
  </sect1>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/history.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/history.sgml
index 59bfdb60552..180695afd94 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/history.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/history.sgml
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@
    <productname>POSTGRES</productname> has also been used as an
    educational tool at several universities.  Finally, Illustra
    Information Technologies (later merged into
-   <ulink url="http://www.informix.com/"><productname>Informix</productname></ulink>,
+   <ulink url="https://www.ibm.com/analytics/informix"><productname>Informix</productname></ulink>,
    which is now owned by <ulink
-   url="http://www.ibm.com/">IBM</ulink>) picked up the code and
+   url="https://www.ibm.com/">IBM</ulink>) picked up the code and
    commercialized it.  In late 1992,
    <productname>POSTGRES</productname> became the primary data manager
    for the
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/install-windows.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/install-windows.sgml
index e345471c859..ac00ac82321 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/install-windows.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/install-windows.sgml
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ $ENV{MSBFLAGS}="/m";
       ActiveState Perl is required to run the build generation scripts. MinGW
       or Cygwin Perl will not work. It must also be present in the PATH.
       Binaries can be downloaded from
-      <ulink url="http://www.activestate.com"></ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://www.activestate.com"></ulink>
       (Note: version 5.8.3 or later is required,
       the free Standard Distribution is sufficient).
      </para></listitem>
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ $ENV{MSBFLAGS}="/m";
      <term><productname>OpenSSL</productname></term>
      <listitem><para>
       Required for SSL support. Binaries can be downloaded from
-      <ulink url="http://www.slproweb.com/products/Win32OpenSSL.html"></ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://slproweb.com/products/Win32OpenSSL.html"></ulink>
       or source from <ulink url="https://www.openssl.org"></ulink>.
      </para></listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ $ENV{MSBFLAGS}="/m";
      <term><productname>Python</productname></term>
      <listitem><para>
       Required for building <application>PL/Python</application>. Binaries can
-      be downloaded from <ulink url="http://www.python.org"></ulink>.
+      be downloaded from <ulink url="https://www.python.org"></ulink>.
      </para></listitem>
     </varlistentry>
 
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ $ENV{CONFIG}="Debug";
       ActiveState Perl installation, nor in the ActiveState Perl Package
       Manager (PPM) library. To install, download the
       <filename>IPC-Run-&lt;version&gt;.tar.gz</filename> source archive from CPAN,
-      at <ulink url="https://metacpan.org/release/IPC-Run/"></ulink>, and
+      at <ulink url="https://metacpan.org/release/IPC-Run"></ulink>, and
       uncompress. Edit the <filename>buildenv.pl</filename> file, and add a PERL5LIB
       variable to point to the <filename>lib</filename> subdirectory from the
       extracted archive. For example:
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ $ENV{PERL5LIB}=$ENV{PERL5LIB} . ';c:\IPC-Run-0.94\lib';
      <term>OpenJade 1.3.1-2</term>
      <listitem><para>
       Download from
-      <ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/openjade/files/openjade/1.3.1/openjade-1_3_1-2-bin.zip/download"></ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://sourceforge.net/projects/openjade/files/openjade/1.3.1/openjade-1_3_1-2-bin.zip/download"></ulink>
       and uncompress in the subdirectory <filename>openjade-1.3.1</filename>.
      </para></listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ $ENV{PERL5LIB}=$ENV{PERL5LIB} . ';c:\IPC-Run-0.94\lib';
      <term>DocBook DTD 4.2</term>
      <listitem><para>
       Download from
-      <ulink url="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/sgml/4.2/docbook-4.2.zip"></ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/sgml/4.2/docbook-4.2.zip"></ulink>
       and uncompress in the subdirectory <filename>docbook</filename>.
      </para></listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ $ENV{PERL5LIB}=$ENV{PERL5LIB} . ';c:\IPC-Run-0.94\lib';
      <term>ISO character entities</term>
      <listitem><para>
       Download from
-      <ulink url="http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/ISOEnts.zip"></ulink> and
+      <ulink url="https://www.oasis-open.org/cover/ISOEnts.zip"></ulink> and
       uncompress in the subdirectory <filename>docbook</filename>.
      </para></listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml
index 7a7823b7a30..fa90e9104ae 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ su - postgres
   <para>
    If you need to get a <acronym>GNU</acronym> package, you can find
    it at your local <acronym>GNU</acronym> mirror site (see <ulink
-   url="http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html"></ulink>
+   url="https://www.gnu.org/prep/ftp"></ulink>
    for a list) or at <ulink
    url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/"></ulink>.
   </para>
@@ -1805,7 +1805,7 @@ setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH /usr/local/pgsql/lib
     <filename>/etc/profile</filename> or <filename>~/.bash_profile</filename>.  Some
     good information about the caveats associated with this method can
     be found at <ulink
-    url="http://xahlee.org/UnixResource_dir/_/ldpath.html"></ulink>.
+    url="http://xahlee.info/UnixResource_dir/_/ldpath.html"></ulink>.
    </para>
 
    <para>
@@ -2534,7 +2534,7 @@ PHSS_30849  s700_800 u2comp/be/plugin library Patch
 
    <para>
      To build 64 bit binaries using MinGW, install the 64 bit tool set
-     from <ulink url="http://mingw-w64.sourceforge.net/"></ulink>, put its bin
+     from <ulink url="https://mingw-w64.org/"></ulink>, put its bin
      directory in the <envar>PATH</envar>, and run
      <command>configure</command> with the
      <command>--host=x86_64-w64-mingw32</command> option.
@@ -2593,14 +2593,14 @@ PHSS_30849  s700_800 u2comp/be/plugin library Patch
 
     <para>
      You can download Sun Studio
-     from <ulink url="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solarisstudio/downloads/"></ulink>.
+     from <ulink url="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solarisstudio/downloads/"></ulink>.
      Many of GNU tools are integrated into Solaris 10, or they are
      present on the Solaris companion CD.  If you like packages for
      older version of Solaris, you can find these tools
      at <ulink url="http://www.sunfreeware.com"></ulink>.
      If you prefer
      sources, look
-     at <ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html"></ulink>.
+     at <ulink url="https://www.gnu.org/prep/ftp"></ulink>.
     </para>
    </sect3>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/isn.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/isn.sgml
index 34d37ede018..598dda2e9a8 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/isn.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/isn.sgml
@@ -355,19 +355,19 @@ SELECT isbn13(id) FROM test;
    The information to implement this module was collected from
    several sites, including:
    <itemizedlist>
-    <listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.isbn-international.org/"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.isbn-international.org/"></ulink></para></listitem>
     <listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.issn.org/"></ulink></para></listitem>
-    <listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.ismn-international.org/"></ulink></para></listitem>
-    <listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.wikipedia.org/"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.ismn-international.org/"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.wikipedia.org/"></ulink></para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
 
    The prefixes used for hyphenation were also compiled from:
    <itemizedlist>
-    <listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.gs1.org/productssolutions/idkeys/support/prefix_list.html"></ulink></para></listitem>
-    <listitem><para><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISBN_identifier_groups"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.gs1.org/standards/id-keys"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISBN_identifier_groups"></ulink></para></listitem>
     <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.isbn-international.org/content/isbn-users-manual"></ulink></para></listitem>
-    <listitem><para><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number"></ulink></para></listitem>
-    <listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.ismn-international.org/ranges.html"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.ismn-international.org/ranges.html"></ulink></para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
 
    Care was taken during the creation of the algorithms and they
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/nls.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/nls.sgml
index 16e25abd31e..0035746845c 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/nls.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/nls.sgml
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ msgstr "another translated"
     can also be named
     <filename><replaceable>language</replaceable>_<replaceable>region</replaceable>.po</filename>
     where <replaceable>region</replaceable> is the
-    <ulink url="http://www.iso.org/iso/country_names_and_code_elements">
+    <ulink url="https://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html">
     ISO 3166-1 two-letter country code (in upper case)</ulink>,
     e.g.,
     <filename>pt_BR.po</filename> for Portuguese in Brazil.  If you
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/passwordcheck.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/passwordcheck.sgml
index 3db169b4c18..4128b6cc4f6 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/passwordcheck.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/passwordcheck.sgml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
  <para>
   You can adapt this module to your needs by changing the source code.
   For example, you can use
-  <ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/cracklib/">CrackLib</ulink>
+  <ulink url="https://sourceforge.net/projects/cracklib/">CrackLib</ulink>
   to check passwords &mdash; this only requires uncommenting
   two lines in the <filename>Makefile</filename> and rebuilding the
   module.  (We cannot include <productname>CrackLib</productname>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/pgcrypto.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/pgcrypto.sgml
index efa193d22e3..7e726cc8910 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/pgcrypto.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/pgcrypto.sgml
@@ -956,9 +956,9 @@ gpg -a --export-secret-keys KEYID > secret.key
   </para>
   <para>
    For more details see <literal>man gpg</literal>,
-   <ulink url="http://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html">The GNU
+   <ulink url="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html">The GNU
    Privacy Handbook</ulink> and other documentation on
-   <ulink url="http://www.gnupg.org"></ulink>.
+   <ulink url="https://www.gnupg.org/"></ulink>.
   </para>
  </sect3>
 
@@ -1274,7 +1274,7 @@ gen_random_uuid() returns uuid
 
    <para>
     The implementation does not resist
-    <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-channel_attack">side-channel
+    <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-channel_attack">side-channel
     attacks</ulink>.  For example, the time required for
     a <filename>pgcrypto</filename> decryption function to complete varies among
     ciphertexts of a given size.
@@ -1286,7 +1286,7 @@ gen_random_uuid() returns uuid
 
    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
-     <para><ulink url="http://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html"></ulink></para>
+     <para><ulink url="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html"></ulink></para>
      <para>The GNU Privacy Handbook.</para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
@@ -1295,7 +1295,7 @@ gen_random_uuid() returns uuid
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://www.stack.nl/~galactus/remailers/passphrase-faq.html"></ulink>
+      <ulink url="http://www.iusmentis.com/security/passphrasefaq/"></ulink>
      </para>
      <para>How to choose a good password.</para>
     </listitem>
@@ -1330,13 +1330,13 @@ gen_random_uuid() returns uuid
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://www.usenix.org/events/usenix99/provos.html"></ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/usenix99/provos.html"></ulink>
      </para>
      <para>Comparison of crypt-des, crypt-md5 and bcrypt algorithms.</para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(PRNG)"></ulink>
+      <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(PRNG)"></ulink>
      </para>
      <para>Description of Fortuna CSPRNG.</para>
     </listitem>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml
index de383272427..d086ddf6ca1 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
  <para>
   The <application>PL/Python</application> procedural language allows
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> functions to be written in the
-  <ulink url="http://www.python.org">Python language</ulink>.
+  <ulink url="https://www.python.org">Python language</ulink>.
  </para>
 
  <para>
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
    </itemizedlist>
 
    This scheme is analogous to the recommendations in <ulink
-   url="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0394/">PEP 394</ulink> regarding the
+   url="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0394/">PEP 394</ulink> regarding the
    naming and transitioning of the <command>python</command> command.
   </para>
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
 
   <para>
    See also the
-   document <ulink url="http://docs.python.org/py3k/whatsnew/3.0.html">What's
+   document <ulink url="https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.0.html">What's
    New In Python 3.0</ulink> for more information about porting to
    Python 3.
   </para>
@@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plpythonu;
       batch of rows, never larger than the parameter value.  Once all rows are
       exhausted, <literal>fetch</literal> starts returning an empty result
       object.  Cursor objects also provide an
-      <ulink url="http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types">iterator
+      <ulink url="https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types">iterator
       interface</ulink>, yielding one row at a time until all rows are
       exhausted.  Data fetched that way is not returned as result objects, but
       rather as dictionaries, each dictionary corresponding to a single result
@@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plpythonu;
       <para>
         Do not confuse objects created by <literal>plpy.cursor</literal> with
         DB-API cursors as defined by
-        the <ulink url="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/">Python
+        the <ulink url="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/">Python
         Database API specification</ulink>.  They don't have anything in common
         except for the name.
       </para>
@@ -1297,7 +1297,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plpythonu;
     helper object to manage explicit subtransactions that gets created
     with the <literal>plpy.subtransaction()</literal> function.
     Objects created by this function implement the
-    <ulink url="http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#context-manager-types">
+    <ulink url="https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#context-manager-types">
     context manager interface</ulink>.  Using explicit subtransactions
     we can rewrite our function as:
 <programlisting>
@@ -1373,7 +1373,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plpythonu;
      Although context managers were implemented in Python 2.5, to use
      the <literal>with</literal> syntax in that version you need to
      use a <ulink
-     url="http://docs.python.org/release/2.5/ref/future.html">future
+     url="https://docs.python.org/release/2.5/ref/future.html">future
      statement</ulink>.  Because of implementation details, however,
      you cannot use future statements in PL/Python functions.
     </para>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/problems.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/problems.sgml
index 7d14789e51a..eced8dfdf27 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/problems.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/problems.sgml
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@
    It is better to report everything the first time than us having to squeeze the
    facts out of you. On the other hand, if your input files are huge, it is
    fair to ask first whether somebody is interested in looking into it.  Here is
-   an <ulink url="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html">article</ulink>
+   an <ulink url="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html">article</ulink>
    that outlines some more tips on reporting bugs.
   </para>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/release.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/release.sgml
index 11a7f171c60..b78a942bcd1 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/release.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/release.sgml
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ non-ASCII characters            find using grep -P '[\x80-\xFF]'
         one page:      http://www.zipcon.net/~swhite/docs/computers/browsers/entities_page.html
         other lists:   http://www.zipcon.net/~swhite/docs/computers/browsers/entities.html
                        http://www.zipcon.net/~swhite/docs/computers/browsers/entities_page.html
-                       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references
+                       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references
 
         We cannot use UTF8 because back branches still use SGML Docbook,
         which does not support it.  Also, rendering engines have to
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ For new features, add links to the documentation sections.
    A complete list of changes for each release can be obtained by
    viewing the <link linkend="git">Git</link> logs for each release.
    The <ulink
-   url="https://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-committers/"><literal>pgsql-committers</literal>
+   url="https://www.postgresql.org/list/pgsql-committers/"><literal>pgsql-committers</literal>
    email list</ulink> records all source code changes as well.  There is also
-   a <ulink url="https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb?p=postgresql.git;a=summary">web
+   a <ulink url="https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=summary">web
    interface</ulink> that shows changes to specific files.
   </para>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml
index 1c92e7df751..06c0ee7de26 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ postgres$ <userinput>initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data</userinput>
     If the client or server <acronym>NFS</acronym> implementation does not
     provide standard file system semantics, this can
     cause reliability problems (see <ulink
-    url="http://www.time-travellers.org/shane/papers/NFS_considered_harmful.html"></ulink>).
+    url="https://www.time-travellers.org/shane/papers/NFS_considered_harmful.html"></ulink>).
     Specifically, delayed (asynchronous) writes to the <acronym>NFS</acronym>
     server can cause data corruption problems.  If possible, mount the
     <acronym>NFS</acronym> file system synchronously (without caching) to avoid
@@ -1400,7 +1400,7 @@ Out of Memory: Killed process 12345 (postgres).
     On Linux 2.6 and later, it is possible to modify the
     kernel's behavior so that it will not <quote>overcommit</quote> memory.
     Although this setting will not prevent the <ulink
-    url="http://lwn.net/Articles/104179/">OOM killer</ulink> from being invoked
+    url="https://lwn.net/Articles/104179/">OOM killer</ulink> from being invoked
     altogether, it will lower the chances significantly and will therefore
     lead to more robust system behavior.  This is done by selecting strict
     overcommit mode via <command>sysctl</command>:
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/spgist.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/spgist.sgml
index 1816fdf1d57..d69f034f1c5 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/spgist.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/spgist.sgml
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
  <para>
   Some of the information here is derived from Purdue University's
   SP-GiST Indexing Project
-  <ulink url="http://www.cs.purdue.edu/spgist/">web site</ulink>.
+  <ulink url="https://www.cs.purdue.edu/spgist/">web site</ulink>.
   The <acronym>SP-GiST</acronym> implementation in
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> is primarily maintained by Teodor
   Sigaev and Oleg Bartunov, and there is more information on their
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/textsearch.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/textsearch.sgml
index 8075ea94e78..6df424c63e5 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/textsearch.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/textsearch.sgml
@@ -2871,12 +2871,12 @@ SELECT plainto_tsquery('supernova star');
     The standard <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> distribution does
     not include any <application>Ispell</application> configuration files.
     Dictionaries for a large number of languages are available from <ulink
-    url="http://ficus-www.cs.ucla.edu/geoff/ispell.html">Ispell</ulink>.
+    url="https://www.cs.hmc.edu/~geoff/ispell.html">Ispell</ulink>.
     Also, some more modern dictionary file formats are supported &mdash; <ulink
-    url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpell">MySpell</ulink> (OO &lt; 2.0.1)
-    and <ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/hunspell/">Hunspell</ulink>
+    url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpell">MySpell</ulink> (OO &lt; 2.0.1)
+    and <ulink url="https://sourceforge.net/projects/hunspell/">Hunspell</ulink>
     (OO &gt;= 2.0.2).  A large list of dictionaries is available on the <ulink
-    url="http://wiki.services.openoffice.org/wiki/Dictionaries">OpenOffice
+    url="https://wiki.openoffice.org/wiki/Dictionaries">OpenOffice
     Wiki</ulink>.
    </para>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/wal.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/wal.sgml
index 8727f3c26b8..4eb8feb9037 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/wal.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/wal.sgml
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
    If you use SSDs, be aware that many of these do not honor cache flush
    commands by default.
    You can test for reliable I/O subsystem behavior using <ulink
-   url="http://brad.livejournal.com/2116715.html"><filename>diskchecker.pl</filename></ulink>.
+   url="https://brad.livejournal.com/2116715.html"><filename>diskchecker.pl</filename></ulink>.
   </para>
 
   <para>
diff --git a/src/backend/lib/bipartite_match.c b/src/backend/lib/bipartite_match.c
index 5be5ed24f1c..2870b9e0634 100644
--- a/src/backend/lib/bipartite_match.c
+++ b/src/backend/lib/bipartite_match.c
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
  *
  * This implementation is based on pseudocode found at:
  *
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hopcroft%E2%80%93Karp_algorithm&oldid=593898016
+ * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hopcroft%E2%80%93Karp_algorithm&oldid=593898016
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2015-2018, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
  *
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/numeric.c b/src/backend/utils/adt/numeric.c
index 82a14295ee1..4d5042b2780 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/adt/numeric.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/numeric.c
@@ -8353,7 +8353,7 @@ power_var_int(const NumericVar *base, int exp, NumericVar *result, int rscale)
 			 * While 0 ^ 0 can be either 1 or indeterminate (error), we treat
 			 * it as 1 because most programming languages do this. SQL:2003
 			 * also requires a return value of 1.
-			 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation#Zero_to_the_zero_power
+			 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation#Zero_to_the_zero_power
 			 */
 			set_var_from_var(&const_one, result);
 			result->dscale = rscale;	/* no need to round */
diff --git a/src/bin/pgbench/pgbench.c b/src/bin/pgbench/pgbench.c
index f0c5149523d..41b756c0894 100644
--- a/src/bin/pgbench/pgbench.c
+++ b/src/bin/pgbench/pgbench.c
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ getGaussianRand(TState *thread, int64 min, int64 max, double parameter)
 		 * pg_erand48 generates [0,1), but for the basic version of the
 		 * Box-Muller transform the two uniformly distributed random numbers
 		 * are expected in (0, 1] (see
-		 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_muller)
+		 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-Muller_transform)
 		 */
 		double		rand1 = 1.0 - pg_erand48(thread->random_state);
 		double		rand2 = 1.0 - pg_erand48(thread->random_state);