Convert elog(LOG) calls to ereport() where appropriate

User-visible log messages should go through ereport(), so they are
subject to translation.  Many remaining elog(LOG) calls are really
debugging calls.

Reviewed-by: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael@paquier.xyz>
Reviewed-by: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/92d6f545-5102-65d8-3c87-489f71ea0a37%40enterprisedb.com

12 files changed, 172 insertions, 94 deletions

diff --git a/src/backend/access/gist/gist.c b/src/backend/access/gist/gist.c
index 25b42e38f22..3f2b416ce1c 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/gist/gist.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/gist/gist.c
@@ -1167,8 +1167,9 @@ gistfixsplit(GISTInsertState *state, GISTSTATE *giststate)
 	Page		page;
 	List	   *splitinfo = NIL;
 
-	elog(LOG, "fixing incomplete split in index \"%s\", block %u",
-		 RelationGetRelationName(state->r), stack->blkno);
+	ereport(LOG,
+			(errmsg("fixing incomplete split in index \"%s\", block %u",
+					RelationGetRelationName(state->r), stack->blkno)));
 
 	Assert(GistFollowRight(stack->page));
 	Assert(OffsetNumberIsValid(stack->downlinkoffnum));
diff --git a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtpage.c b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtpage.c
index 848123d9218..793434c026c 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtpage.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtpage.c
@@ -2151,9 +2151,10 @@ _bt_unlink_halfdead_page(Relation rel, Buffer leafbuf, BlockNumber scanblkno,
 
 			if (leftsib == P_NONE)
 			{
-				elog(LOG, "no left sibling (concurrent deletion?) of block %u in \"%s\"",
-					 target,
-					 RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+				ereport(LOG,
+						(errmsg("no left sibling (concurrent deletion?) of block %u in \"%s\"",
+								target,
+								RelationGetRelationName(rel))));
 				if (target != leafblkno)
 				{
 					/* we have only a pin on target, but pin+lock on leafbuf */
diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
index 13f1d8c3dc7..7e81ce4f173 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
@@ -1811,9 +1811,10 @@ WaitXLogInsertionsToFinish(XLogRecPtr upto)
 	 */
 	if (upto > reservedUpto)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "request to flush past end of generated WAL; request %X/%X, currpos %X/%X",
-			 (uint32) (upto >> 32), (uint32) upto,
-			 (uint32) (reservedUpto >> 32), (uint32) reservedUpto);
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("request to flush past end of generated WAL; request %X/%X, current position %X/%X",
+						(uint32) (upto >> 32), (uint32) upto,
+						(uint32) (reservedUpto >> 32), (uint32) reservedUpto)));
 		upto = reservedUpto;
 	}
 
@@ -8532,16 +8533,30 @@ ShutdownXLOG(int code, Datum arg)
 static void
 LogCheckpointStart(int flags, bool restartpoint)
 {
-	elog(LOG, "%s starting:%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s",
-		 restartpoint ? "restartpoint" : "checkpoint",
-		 (flags & CHECKPOINT_IS_SHUTDOWN) ? " shutdown" : "",
-		 (flags & CHECKPOINT_END_OF_RECOVERY) ? " end-of-recovery" : "",
-		 (flags & CHECKPOINT_IMMEDIATE) ? " immediate" : "",
-		 (flags & CHECKPOINT_FORCE) ? " force" : "",
-		 (flags & CHECKPOINT_WAIT) ? " wait" : "",
-		 (flags & CHECKPOINT_CAUSE_XLOG) ? " wal" : "",
-		 (flags & CHECKPOINT_CAUSE_TIME) ? " time" : "",
-		 (flags & CHECKPOINT_FLUSH_ALL) ? " flush-all" : "");
+	if (restartpoint)
+		ereport(LOG,
+				/* translator: the placeholders show checkpoint options */
+				(errmsg("restartpoint starting:%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_IS_SHUTDOWN) ? " shutdown" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_END_OF_RECOVERY) ? " end-of-recovery" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_IMMEDIATE) ? " immediate" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_FORCE) ? " force" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_WAIT) ? " wait" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_CAUSE_XLOG) ? " wal" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_CAUSE_TIME) ? " time" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_FLUSH_ALL) ? " flush-all" : "")));
+	else
+		ereport(LOG,
+				/* translator: the placeholders show checkpoint options */
+				(errmsg("checkpoint starting:%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_IS_SHUTDOWN) ? " shutdown" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_END_OF_RECOVERY) ? " end-of-recovery" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_IMMEDIATE) ? " immediate" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_FORCE) ? " force" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_WAIT) ? " wait" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_CAUSE_XLOG) ? " wal" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_CAUSE_TIME) ? " time" : "",
+						(flags & CHECKPOINT_FLUSH_ALL) ? " flush-all" : "")));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -8591,25 +8606,46 @@ LogCheckpointEnd(bool restartpoint)
 			CheckpointStats.ckpt_sync_rels;
 	average_msecs = (long) ((average_sync_time + 999) / 1000);
 
-	elog(LOG, "%s complete: wrote %d buffers (%.1f%%); "
-		 "%d WAL file(s) added, %d removed, %d recycled; "
-		 "write=%ld.%03d s, sync=%ld.%03d s, total=%ld.%03d s; "
-		 "sync files=%d, longest=%ld.%03d s, average=%ld.%03d s; "
-		 "distance=%d kB, estimate=%d kB",
-		 restartpoint ? "restartpoint" : "checkpoint",
-		 CheckpointStats.ckpt_bufs_written,
-		 (double) CheckpointStats.ckpt_bufs_written * 100 / NBuffers,
-		 CheckpointStats.ckpt_segs_added,
-		 CheckpointStats.ckpt_segs_removed,
-		 CheckpointStats.ckpt_segs_recycled,
-		 write_msecs / 1000, (int) (write_msecs % 1000),
-		 sync_msecs / 1000, (int) (sync_msecs % 1000),
-		 total_msecs / 1000, (int) (total_msecs % 1000),
-		 CheckpointStats.ckpt_sync_rels,
-		 longest_msecs / 1000, (int) (longest_msecs % 1000),
-		 average_msecs / 1000, (int) (average_msecs % 1000),
-		 (int) (PrevCheckPointDistance / 1024.0),
-		 (int) (CheckPointDistanceEstimate / 1024.0));
+	if (restartpoint)
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("restartpoint complete: wrote %d buffers (%.1f%%); "
+						"%d WAL file(s) added, %d removed, %d recycled; "
+						"write=%ld.%03d s, sync=%ld.%03d s, total=%ld.%03d s; "
+						"sync files=%d, longest=%ld.%03d s, average=%ld.%03d s; "
+						"distance=%d kB, estimate=%d kB",
+						CheckpointStats.ckpt_bufs_written,
+						(double) CheckpointStats.ckpt_bufs_written * 100 / NBuffers,
+						CheckpointStats.ckpt_segs_added,
+						CheckpointStats.ckpt_segs_removed,
+						CheckpointStats.ckpt_segs_recycled,
+						write_msecs / 1000, (int) (write_msecs % 1000),
+						sync_msecs / 1000, (int) (sync_msecs % 1000),
+						total_msecs / 1000, (int) (total_msecs % 1000),
+						CheckpointStats.ckpt_sync_rels,
+						longest_msecs / 1000, (int) (longest_msecs % 1000),
+						average_msecs / 1000, (int) (average_msecs % 1000),
+						(int) (PrevCheckPointDistance / 1024.0),
+						(int) (CheckPointDistanceEstimate / 1024.0))));
+	else
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("checkpoint complete: wrote %d buffers (%.1f%%); "
+						"%d WAL file(s) added, %d removed, %d recycled; "
+						"write=%ld.%03d s, sync=%ld.%03d s, total=%ld.%03d s; "
+						"sync files=%d, longest=%ld.%03d s, average=%ld.%03d s; "
+						"distance=%d kB, estimate=%d kB",
+						CheckpointStats.ckpt_bufs_written,
+						(double) CheckpointStats.ckpt_bufs_written * 100 / NBuffers,
+						CheckpointStats.ckpt_segs_added,
+						CheckpointStats.ckpt_segs_removed,
+						CheckpointStats.ckpt_segs_recycled,
+						write_msecs / 1000, (int) (write_msecs % 1000),
+						sync_msecs / 1000, (int) (sync_msecs % 1000),
+						total_msecs / 1000, (int) (total_msecs % 1000),
+						CheckpointStats.ckpt_sync_rels,
+						longest_msecs / 1000, (int) (longest_msecs % 1000),
+						average_msecs / 1000, (int) (average_msecs % 1000),
+						(int) (PrevCheckPointDistance / 1024.0),
+						(int) (CheckPointDistanceEstimate / 1024.0))));
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/libpq/auth.c b/src/backend/libpq/auth.c
index d132c5cb48b..3d809309685 100644
--- a/src/backend/libpq/auth.c
+++ b/src/backend/libpq/auth.c
@@ -2131,9 +2131,10 @@ pam_passwd_conv_proc(int num_msg, const struct pam_message **msg,
 				reply[i].resp_retcode = PAM_SUCCESS;
 				break;
 			default:
-				elog(LOG, "unsupported PAM conversation %d/\"%s\"",
-					 msg[i]->msg_style,
-					 msg[i]->msg ? msg[i]->msg : "(none)");
+				ereport(LOG,
+						(errmsg("unsupported PAM conversation %d/\"%s\"",
+								msg[i]->msg_style,
+								msg[i]->msg ? msg[i]->msg : "(none)")));
 				goto fail;
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/src/backend/libpq/hba.c b/src/backend/libpq/hba.c
index 3a78d2043e5..0cc43977691 100644
--- a/src/backend/libpq/hba.c
+++ b/src/backend/libpq/hba.c
@@ -857,7 +857,8 @@ check_same_host_or_net(SockAddr *raddr, IPCompareMethod method)
 	errno = 0;
 	if (pg_foreach_ifaddr(check_network_callback, &cn) < 0)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "error enumerating network interfaces: %m");
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("error enumerating network interfaces: %m")));
 		return false;
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
index 64a351cedcb..0b511008fc8 100644
--- a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
+++ b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
@@ -750,7 +750,8 @@ StreamConnection(pgsocket server_fd, Port *port)
 					(struct sockaddr *) &port->laddr.addr,
 					&port->laddr.salen) < 0)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "getsockname() failed: %m");
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("getsockname() failed: %m")));
 		return STATUS_ERROR;
 	}
 
@@ -769,7 +770,8 @@ StreamConnection(pgsocket server_fd, Port *port)
 		if (setsockopt(port->sock, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY,
 					   (char *) &on, sizeof(on)) < 0)
 		{
-			elog(LOG, "setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_NODELAY");
+			ereport(LOG,
+					(errmsg("setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_NODELAY")));
 			return STATUS_ERROR;
 		}
 #endif
@@ -777,7 +779,8 @@ StreamConnection(pgsocket server_fd, Port *port)
 		if (setsockopt(port->sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_KEEPALIVE,
 					   (char *) &on, sizeof(on)) < 0)
 		{
-			elog(LOG, "setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "SO_KEEPALIVE");
+			ereport(LOG,
+					(errmsg("setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "SO_KEEPALIVE")));
 			return STATUS_ERROR;
 		}
 
@@ -808,7 +811,8 @@ StreamConnection(pgsocket server_fd, Port *port)
 		if (getsockopt(port->sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, (char *) &oldopt,
 					   &optlen) < 0)
 		{
-			elog(LOG, "getsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "SO_SNDBUF");
+			ereport(LOG,
+					(errmsg("getsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "SO_SNDBUF")));
 			return STATUS_ERROR;
 		}
 		newopt = PQ_SEND_BUFFER_SIZE * 4;
@@ -817,7 +821,8 @@ StreamConnection(pgsocket server_fd, Port *port)
 			if (setsockopt(port->sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, (char *) &newopt,
 						   sizeof(newopt)) < 0)
 			{
-				elog(LOG, "setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "SO_SNDBUF");
+				ereport(LOG,
+						(errmsg("setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "SO_SNDBUF")));
 				return STATUS_ERROR;
 			}
 		}
@@ -1677,8 +1682,9 @@ pq_setkeepaliveswin32(Port *port, int idle, int interval)
 				 NULL)
 		!= 0)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "WSAIoctl(SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS) failed: %ui",
-			 WSAGetLastError());
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("WSAIoctl(%s) failed: %ui",
+						"SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS", WSAGetLastError())));
 		return STATUS_ERROR;
 	}
 	if (port->keepalives_idle != idle)
@@ -1708,7 +1714,8 @@ pq_getkeepalivesidle(Port *port)
 					   (char *) &port->default_keepalives_idle,
 					   &size) < 0)
 		{
-			elog(LOG, "getsockopt(%s) failed: %m", PG_TCP_KEEPALIVE_IDLE_STR);
+			ereport(LOG,
+					(errmsg("getsockopt(%s) failed: %m", PG_TCP_KEEPALIVE_IDLE_STR)));
 			port->default_keepalives_idle = -1; /* don't know */
 		}
 #else							/* WIN32 */
@@ -1752,7 +1759,8 @@ pq_setkeepalivesidle(int idle, Port *port)
 	if (setsockopt(port->sock, IPPROTO_TCP, PG_TCP_KEEPALIVE_IDLE,
 				   (char *) &idle, sizeof(idle)) < 0)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", PG_TCP_KEEPALIVE_IDLE_STR);
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", PG_TCP_KEEPALIVE_IDLE_STR)));
 		return STATUS_ERROR;
 	}
 
@@ -1763,7 +1771,8 @@ pq_setkeepalivesidle(int idle, Port *port)
 #else
 	if (idle != 0)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "setting the keepalive idle time is not supported");
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("setting the keepalive idle time is not supported")));
 		return STATUS_ERROR;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -1790,7 +1799,8 @@ pq_getkeepalivesinterval(Port *port)
 					   (char *) &port->default_keepalives_interval,
 					   &size) < 0)
 		{
-			elog(LOG, "getsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_KEEPINTVL");
+			ereport(LOG,
+					(errmsg("getsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_KEEPINTVL")));
 			port->default_keepalives_interval = -1; /* don't know */
 		}
 #else
@@ -1833,7 +1843,8 @@ pq_setkeepalivesinterval(int interval, Port *port)
 	if (setsockopt(port->sock, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_KEEPINTVL,
 				   (char *) &interval, sizeof(interval)) < 0)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_KEEPINTVL");
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_KEEPINTVL")));
 		return STATUS_ERROR;
 	}
 
@@ -1844,7 +1855,8 @@ pq_setkeepalivesinterval(int interval, Port *port)
 #else
 	if (interval != 0)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "setsockopt(%s) not supported", "TCP_KEEPINTVL");
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("setsockopt(%s) not supported", "TCP_KEEPINTVL")));
 		return STATUS_ERROR;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -1870,7 +1882,8 @@ pq_getkeepalivescount(Port *port)
 					   (char *) &port->default_keepalives_count,
 					   &size) < 0)
 		{
-			elog(LOG, "getsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_KEEPCNT");
+			ereport(LOG,
+					(errmsg("getsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_KEEPCNT")));
 			port->default_keepalives_count = -1;	/* don't know */
 		}
 	}
@@ -1908,7 +1921,8 @@ pq_setkeepalivescount(int count, Port *port)
 	if (setsockopt(port->sock, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_KEEPCNT,
 				   (char *) &count, sizeof(count)) < 0)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_KEEPCNT");
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_KEEPCNT")));
 		return STATUS_ERROR;
 	}
 
@@ -1916,7 +1930,8 @@ pq_setkeepalivescount(int count, Port *port)
 #else
 	if (count != 0)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "setsockopt(%s) not supported", "TCP_KEEPCNT");
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("setsockopt(%s) not supported", "TCP_KEEPCNT")));
 		return STATUS_ERROR;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -1942,7 +1957,8 @@ pq_gettcpusertimeout(Port *port)
 					   (char *) &port->default_tcp_user_timeout,
 					   &size) < 0)
 		{
-			elog(LOG, "getsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_USER_TIMEOUT");
+			ereport(LOG,
+					(errmsg("getsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_USER_TIMEOUT")));
 			port->default_tcp_user_timeout = -1;	/* don't know */
 		}
 	}
@@ -1980,7 +1996,8 @@ pq_settcpusertimeout(int timeout, Port *port)
 	if (setsockopt(port->sock, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_USER_TIMEOUT,
 				   (char *) &timeout, sizeof(timeout)) < 0)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_USER_TIMEOUT");
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "TCP_USER_TIMEOUT")));
 		return STATUS_ERROR;
 	}
 
@@ -1988,7 +2005,8 @@ pq_settcpusertimeout(int timeout, Port *port)
 #else
 	if (timeout != 0)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "setsockopt(%s) not supported", "TCP_USER_TIMEOUT");
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("setsockopt(%s) not supported", "TCP_USER_TIMEOUT")));
 		return STATUS_ERROR;
 	}
 #endif
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/bgworker.c b/src/backend/postmaster/bgworker.c
index 5a9a0e34353..7ef6259eb50 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/bgworker.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/bgworker.c
@@ -250,10 +250,10 @@ BackgroundWorkerStateChange(void)
 	 */
 	if (max_worker_processes != BackgroundWorkerData->total_slots)
 	{
-		elog(LOG,
-			 "inconsistent background worker state (max_worker_processes=%d, total_slots=%d",
-			 max_worker_processes,
-			 BackgroundWorkerData->total_slots);
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("inconsistent background worker state (max_worker_processes=%d, total_slots=%d)",
+						max_worker_processes,
+						BackgroundWorkerData->total_slots)));
 		return;
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/pgstat.c b/src/backend/postmaster/pgstat.c
index 9bad14981b8..7c75a25d210 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/pgstat.c
@@ -636,7 +636,8 @@ retry2:
 		if (getsockopt(pgStatSock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF,
 					   (char *) &old_rcvbuf, &rcvbufsize) < 0)
 		{
-			elog(LOG, "getsockopt(SO_RCVBUF) failed: %m");
+			ereport(LOG,
+					(errmsg("getsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "SO_RCVBUF")));
 			/* if we can't get existing size, always try to set it */
 			old_rcvbuf = 0;
 		}
@@ -646,7 +647,8 @@ retry2:
 		{
 			if (setsockopt(pgStatSock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF,
 						   (char *) &new_rcvbuf, sizeof(new_rcvbuf)) < 0)
-				elog(LOG, "setsockopt(SO_RCVBUF) failed: %m");
+				ereport(LOG,
+						(errmsg("setsockopt(%s) failed: %m", "SO_RCVBUF")));
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -6108,8 +6110,9 @@ backend_read_statsfile(void)
 				/* Copy because timestamptz_to_str returns a static buffer */
 				filetime = pstrdup(timestamptz_to_str(file_ts));
 				mytime = pstrdup(timestamptz_to_str(cur_ts));
-				elog(LOG, "stats collector's time %s is later than backend local time %s",
-					 filetime, mytime);
+				ereport(LOG,
+						(errmsg("statistics collector's time %s is later than backend local time %s",
+								filetime, mytime)));
 				pfree(filetime);
 				pfree(mytime);
 			}
@@ -6251,9 +6254,9 @@ pgstat_recv_inquiry(PgStat_MsgInquiry *msg, int len)
 			/* Copy because timestamptz_to_str returns a static buffer */
 			writetime = pstrdup(timestamptz_to_str(dbentry->stats_timestamp));
 			mytime = pstrdup(timestamptz_to_str(cur_ts));
-			elog(LOG,
-				 "stats_timestamp %s is later than collector's time %s for database %u",
-				 writetime, mytime, dbentry->databaseid);
+			ereport(LOG,
+					(errmsg("stats_timestamp %s is later than collector's time %s for database %u",
+							writetime, mytime, dbentry->databaseid)));
 			pfree(writetime);
 			pfree(mytime);
 		}
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
index b7799ed1d24..5d09822c818 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
@@ -1207,8 +1207,9 @@ PostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 								 NULL,
 								 NULL);
 		if (err != kDNSServiceErr_NoError)
-			elog(LOG, "DNSServiceRegister() failed: error code %ld",
-				 (long) err);
+			ereport(LOG,
+					(errmsg("DNSServiceRegister() failed: error code %ld",
+							(long) err)));
 
 		/*
 		 * We don't bother to read the mDNS daemon's reply, and we expect that
@@ -1466,7 +1467,8 @@ getInstallationPaths(const char *argv0)
 
 	/* Locate the postgres executable itself */
 	if (find_my_exec(argv0, my_exec_path) < 0)
-		elog(FATAL, "%s: could not locate my own executable path", argv0);
+		ereport(FATAL,
+				(errmsg("%s: could not locate my own executable path", argv0)));
 
 #ifdef EXEC_BACKEND
 	/* Locate executable backend before we change working directory */
@@ -4674,16 +4676,18 @@ retry:
 									NULL);
 	if (paramHandle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "could not create backend parameter file mapping: error code %lu",
-			 GetLastError());
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("could not create backend parameter file mapping: error code %lu",
+						GetLastError())));
 		return -1;
 	}
 
 	param = MapViewOfFile(paramHandle, FILE_MAP_WRITE, 0, 0, sizeof(BackendParameters));
 	if (!param)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "could not map backend parameter memory: error code %lu",
-			 GetLastError());
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("could not map backend parameter memory: error code %lu",
+						GetLastError())));
 		CloseHandle(paramHandle);
 		return -1;
 	}
@@ -4708,7 +4712,8 @@ retry:
 	}
 	if (cmdLine[sizeof(cmdLine) - 2] != '\0')
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "subprocess command line too long");
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("subprocess command line too long")));
 		UnmapViewOfFile(param);
 		CloseHandle(paramHandle);
 		return -1;
@@ -4725,8 +4730,9 @@ retry:
 	if (!CreateProcess(NULL, cmdLine, NULL, NULL, TRUE, CREATE_SUSPENDED,
 					   NULL, NULL, &si, &pi))
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "CreateProcess call failed: %m (error code %lu)",
-			 GetLastError());
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("CreateProcess() call failed: %m (error code %lu)",
+						GetLastError())));
 		UnmapViewOfFile(param);
 		CloseHandle(paramHandle);
 		return -1;
@@ -4751,11 +4757,13 @@ retry:
 
 	/* Drop the parameter shared memory that is now inherited to the backend */
 	if (!UnmapViewOfFile(param))
-		elog(LOG, "could not unmap view of backend parameter file: error code %lu",
-			 GetLastError());
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("could not unmap view of backend parameter file: error code %lu",
+						GetLastError())));
 	if (!CloseHandle(paramHandle))
-		elog(LOG, "could not close handle to backend parameter file: error code %lu",
-			 GetLastError());
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("could not close handle to backend parameter file: error code %lu",
+						GetLastError())));
 
 	/*
 	 * Reserve the memory region used by our main shared memory segment before
@@ -5639,7 +5647,9 @@ CreateOptsFile(int argc, char *argv[], char *fullprogname)
 
 	if ((fp = fopen(OPTS_FILE, "w")) == NULL)
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "could not create file \"%s\": %m", OPTS_FILE);
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errcode_for_file_access(),
+				 errmsg("could not create file \"%s\": %m", OPTS_FILE)));
 		return false;
 	}
 
@@ -5650,7 +5660,9 @@ CreateOptsFile(int argc, char *argv[], char *fullprogname)
 
 	if (fclose(fp))
 	{
-		elog(LOG, "could not write file \"%s\": %m", OPTS_FILE);
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errcode_for_file_access(),
+				 errmsg("could not write file \"%s\": %m", OPTS_FILE)));
 		return false;
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/logical/origin.c b/src/backend/replication/logical/origin.c
index 1b220315dff..15ab8e7204b 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/logical/origin.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/logical/origin.c
@@ -769,10 +769,11 @@ StartupReplicationOrigin(void)
 		replication_states[last_state].remote_lsn = disk_state.remote_lsn;
 		last_state++;
 
-		elog(LOG, "recovered replication state of node %u to %X/%X",
-			 disk_state.roident,
-			 (uint32) (disk_state.remote_lsn >> 32),
-			 (uint32) disk_state.remote_lsn);
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("recovered replication state of node %u to %X/%X",
+						disk_state.roident,
+						(uint32) (disk_state.remote_lsn >> 32),
+						(uint32) disk_state.remote_lsn)));
 	}
 
 	/* now check checksum */
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c b/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c
index 88004c6fae8..f07b5325aa5 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c
@@ -1914,7 +1914,9 @@ FileClose(File file)
 
 		/* in any case do the unlink */
 		if (unlink(vfdP->fileName))
-			elog(LOG, "could not unlink file \"%s\": %m", vfdP->fileName);
+			ereport(LOG,
+					(errcode_for_file_access(),
+					 errmsg("could not delete file \"%s\": %m", vfdP->fileName)));
 
 		/* and last report the stat results */
 		if (stat_errno == 0)
@@ -1922,7 +1924,9 @@ FileClose(File file)
 		else
 		{
 			errno = stat_errno;
-			elog(LOG, "could not stat file \"%s\": %m", vfdP->fileName);
+			ereport(LOG,
+					(errcode_for_file_access(),
+					 errmsg("could not stat file \"%s\": %m", vfdP->fileName)));
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
index 02d2d267b5c..635d91d50ac 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
@@ -11533,7 +11533,7 @@ assign_tcp_keepalives_idle(int newval, void *extra)
 	 * once we set it we might fail to unset it.  So there seems little point
 	 * in fully implementing the check-then-assign GUC API for these
 	 * variables.  Instead we just do the assignment on demand.  pqcomm.c
-	 * reports any problems via elog(LOG).
+	 * reports any problems via ereport(LOG).
 	 *
 	 * This approach means that the GUC value might have little to do with the
 	 * actual kernel value, so we use a show_hook that retrieves the kernel