Allow specifying column list for foreign key ON DELETE SET actions

Extend the foreign key ON DELETE actions SET NULL and SET DEFAULT by
allowing the specification of a column list, like

    CREATE TABLE posts (
        ...
        FOREIGN KEY (tenant_id, author_id) REFERENCES users ON DELETE SET NULL (author_id)
    );

If a column list is specified, only those columns are set to
null/default, instead of all the columns in the foreign-key
constraint.

This is useful for multitenant or sharded schemas, where the tenant or
shard ID is included in the primary key of all tables but shouldn't be
set to null.

Author: Paul Martinez <paulmtz@google.com>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CACqFVBZQyMYJV=njbSMxf+rbDHpx=W=B7AEaMKn8dWn9OZJY7w@mail.gmail.com

4 files changed, 64 insertions, 7 deletions

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index c1d11be73f7..025db987633 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -2710,6 +2710,18 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
 
      <row>
       <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
+       <structfield>confdelsetcols</structfield> <type>int2[]</type>
+       (references <link linkend="catalog-pg-attribute"><structname>pg_attribute</structname></link>.<structfield>attnum</structfield>)
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       If a foreign key with a <literal>SET NULL</literal> or <literal>SET
+       DEFAULT</literal> delete action, the columns that will be updated.
+       If null, all of the referencing columns will be updated.
+      </para></entry>
+     </row>
+
+     <row>
+      <entry role="catalog_table_entry"><para role="column_definition">
        <structfield>conexclop</structfield> <type>oid[]</type>
        (references <link linkend="catalog-pg-operator"><structname>pg_operator</structname></link>.<structfield>oid</structfield>)
       </para>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml
index 642ea2a70d0..64d90306522 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml
@@ -1084,9 +1084,40 @@ CREATE TABLE order_items (
    </para>
 
    <para>
+    The actions <literal>SET NULL</literal> and <literal>SET DEFAULT</literal>
+    can take a column list to specify which columns to set.  Normally, all
+    columns of the foreign-key constraint are set; setting only a subset is
+    useful in some special cases.  Consider the following example:
+<programlisting>
+CREATE TABLE tenants (
+    tenant_id integer PRIMARY KEY
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE users (
+    tenant_id integer REFERENCES tenants ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    user_id integer NOT NULL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (tenant_id, user_id)
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE posts (
+    tenant_id integer REFERENCES tenants ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    post_id integer NOT NULL,
+    author_id integer,
+    PRIMARY KEY (tenant_id, post_id),
+    FOREIGN KEY (tenant_id, author_id) REFERENCES users ON DELETE SET NULL <emphasis>(author_id)</emphasis>
+);
+</programlisting>
+    Without the specification of the column, the foreign key would also set
+    the column <literal>tenant_id</literal> to null, but that column is still
+    required as part of the primary key.
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
     Analogous to <literal>ON DELETE</literal> there is also
     <literal>ON UPDATE</literal> which is invoked when a referenced
-    column is changed (updated).  The possible actions are the same.
+    column is changed (updated).  The possible actions are the same,
+    except that column lists cannot be specified for <literal>SET
+    NULL</literal> and <literal>SET DEFAULT</literal>.
     In this case, <literal>CASCADE</literal> means that the updated values of the
     referenced column(s) should be copied into the referencing row(s).
    </para>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml
index bc5dcba59ce..8f14e4a5c4a 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ WITH ( MODULUS <replaceable class="parameter">numeric_literal</replaceable>, REM
 
 <phrase><replaceable class="parameter">referential_action</replaceable> in a <literal>FOREIGN KEY</literal>/<literal>REFERENCES</literal> constraint is:</phrase>
 
-{ NO ACTION | RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | SET DEFAULT }
+{ NO ACTION | RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL [ ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_name</replaceable> [, ... ] ) ] | SET DEFAULT [ ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_name</replaceable> [, ... ] ) ] }
 </synopsis>
  </refsynopsisdiv>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
index 57d51a676a7..b97bb9ded15 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ WITH ( MODULUS <replaceable class="parameter">numeric_literal</replaceable>, REM
 
 <phrase><replaceable class="parameter">referential_action</replaceable> in a <literal>FOREIGN KEY</literal>/<literal>REFERENCES</literal> constraint is:</phrase>
 
-{ NO ACTION | RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | SET DEFAULT }
+{ NO ACTION | RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL [ ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_name</replaceable> [, ... ] ) ] | SET DEFAULT [ ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_name</replaceable> [, ... ] ) ] }
 </synopsis>
 
  </refsynopsisdiv>
@@ -1169,19 +1169,23 @@ WITH ( MODULUS <replaceable class="parameter">numeric_literal</replaceable>, REM
        </varlistentry>
 
        <varlistentry>
-        <term><literal>SET NULL</literal></term>
+        <term><literal>SET NULL [ ( <replaceable>column_name</replaceable> [, ... ] ) ]</literal></term>
         <listitem>
          <para>
-          Set the referencing column(s) to null.
+          Set all of the referencing columns, or a specified subset of the
+          referencing columns, to null. A subset of columns can only be
+          specified for <literal>ON DELETE</literal> actions.
          </para>
         </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
 
        <varlistentry>
-        <term><literal>SET DEFAULT</literal></term>
+        <term><literal>SET DEFAULT [ ( <replaceable>column_name</replaceable> [, ... ] ) ]</literal></term>
         <listitem>
          <para>
-          Set the referencing column(s) to their default values.
+          Set all of the referencing columns, or a specified subset of the
+          referencing columns, to their default values. A subset of columns
+          can only be specified for <literal>ON DELETE</literal> actions.
           (There must be a row in the referenced table matching the default
           values, if they are not null, or the operation will fail.)
          </para>
@@ -2224,6 +2228,16 @@ CREATE TABLE cities_partdef
   </refsect2>
 
   <refsect2>
+   <title>Foreign-Key Constraint Actions</title>
+
+   <para>
+    The ability to specify column lists in the foreign-key actions
+    <literal>SET DEFAULT</literal> and <literal>SET NULL</literal> is a
+    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> extension.
+   </para>
+  </refsect2>
+
+  <refsect2>
    <title><literal>NULL</literal> <quote>Constraint</quote></title>
 
    <para>