Improve concurrency of foreign key locking

This patch introduces two additional lock modes for tuples: "SELECT FOR
KEY SHARE" and "SELECT FOR NO KEY UPDATE".  These don't block each
other, in contrast with already existing "SELECT FOR SHARE" and "SELECT
FOR UPDATE".  UPDATE commands that do not modify the values stored in
the columns that are part of the key of the tuple now grab a SELECT FOR
NO KEY UPDATE lock on the tuple, allowing them to proceed concurrently
with tuple locks of the FOR KEY SHARE variety.

Foreign key triggers now use FOR KEY SHARE instead of FOR SHARE; this
means the concurrency improvement applies to them, which is the whole
point of this patch.

The added tuple lock semantics require some rejiggering of the multixact
module, so that the locking level that each transaction is holding can
be stored alongside its Xid.  Also, multixacts now need to persist
across server restarts and crashes, because they can now represent not
only tuple locks, but also tuple updates.  This means we need more
careful tracking of lifetime of pg_multixact SLRU files; since they now
persist longer, we require more infrastructure to figure out when they
can be removed.  pg_upgrade also needs to be careful to copy
pg_multixact files over from the old server to the new, or at least part
of multixact.c state, depending on the versions of the old and new
servers.

Tuple time qualification rules (HeapTupleSatisfies routines) need to be
careful not to consider tuples with the "is multi" infomask bit set as
being only locked; they might need to look up MultiXact values (i.e.
possibly do pg_multixact I/O) to find out the Xid that updated a tuple,
whereas they previously were assured to only use information readily
available from the tuple header.  This is considered acceptable, because
the extra I/O would involve cases that would previously cause some
commands to block waiting for concurrent transactions to finish.

Another important change is the fact that locking tuples that have
previously been updated causes the future versions to be marked as
locked, too; this is essential for correctness of foreign key checks.
This causes additional WAL-logging, also (there was previously a single
WAL record for a locked tuple; now there are as many as updated copies
of the tuple there exist.)

With all this in place, contention related to tuples being checked by
foreign key rules should be much reduced.

As a bonus, the old behavior that a subtransaction grabbing a stronger
tuple lock than the parent (sub)transaction held on a given tuple and
later aborting caused the weaker lock to be lost, has been fixed.

Many new spec files were added for isolation tester framework, to ensure
overall behavior is sane.  There's probably room for several more tests.

There were several reviewers of this patch; in particular, Noah Misch
and Andres Freund spent considerable time in it.  Original idea for the
patch came from Simon Riggs, after a problem report by Joel Jacobson.
Most code is from me, with contributions from Marti Raudsepp, Alexander
Shulgin, Noah Misch and Andres Freund.

This patch was discussed in several pgsql-hackers threads; the most
important start at the following message-ids:
	AANLkTimo9XVcEzfiBR-ut3KVNDkjm2Vxh+t8kAmWjPuv@mail.gmail.com
	1290721684-sup-3951@alvh.no-ip.org
	1294953201-sup-2099@alvh.no-ip.org
	1320343602-sup-2290@alvh.no-ip.org
	1339690386-sup-8927@alvh.no-ip.org
	4FE5FF020200002500048A3D@gw.wicourts.gov
	4FEAB90A0200002500048B7D@gw.wicourts.gov

1 files changed, 12 insertions, 5 deletions

diff --git a/src/backend/access/heap/rewriteheap.c b/src/backend/access/heap/rewriteheap.c
index 628e3b1277e..84472f80cd9 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/heap/rewriteheap.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/heap/rewriteheap.c
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
+#include "utils/tqual.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -128,6 +129,8 @@ typedef struct RewriteStateData
 										 * determine tuple visibility */
 	TransactionId rs_freeze_xid;/* Xid that will be used as freeze cutoff
 								 * point */
+	MultiXactId	rs_freeze_multi;/* MultiXactId that will be used as freeze
+								 * cutoff point for multixacts */
 	MemoryContext rs_cxt;		/* for hash tables and entries and tuples in
 								 * them */
 	HTAB	   *rs_unresolved_tups;		/* unmatched A tuples */
@@ -177,6 +180,7 @@ static void raw_heap_insert(RewriteState state, HeapTuple tup);
  * new_heap		new, locked heap relation to insert tuples to
  * oldest_xmin	xid used by the caller to determine which tuples are dead
  * freeze_xid	xid before which tuples will be frozen
+ * freeze_multi multixact before which multis will be frozen
  * use_wal		should the inserts to the new heap be WAL-logged?
  *
  * Returns an opaque RewriteState, allocated in current memory context,
@@ -184,7 +188,8 @@ static void raw_heap_insert(RewriteState state, HeapTuple tup);
  */
 RewriteState
 begin_heap_rewrite(Relation new_heap, TransactionId oldest_xmin,
-				   TransactionId freeze_xid, bool use_wal)
+				   TransactionId freeze_xid, MultiXactId freeze_multi,
+				   bool use_wal)
 {
 	RewriteState state;
 	MemoryContext rw_cxt;
@@ -213,6 +218,7 @@ begin_heap_rewrite(Relation new_heap, TransactionId oldest_xmin,
 	state->rs_use_wal = use_wal;
 	state->rs_oldest_xmin = oldest_xmin;
 	state->rs_freeze_xid = freeze_xid;
+	state->rs_freeze_multi = freeze_multi;
 	state->rs_cxt = rw_cxt;
 
 	/* Initialize hash tables used to track update chains */
@@ -337,7 +343,8 @@ rewrite_heap_tuple(RewriteState state,
 	 * While we have our hands on the tuple, we may as well freeze any
 	 * very-old xmin or xmax, so that future VACUUM effort can be saved.
 	 */
-	heap_freeze_tuple(new_tuple->t_data, state->rs_freeze_xid);
+	heap_freeze_tuple(new_tuple->t_data, state->rs_freeze_xid,
+					  state->rs_freeze_multi);
 
 	/*
 	 * Invalid ctid means that ctid should point to the tuple itself. We'll
@@ -348,15 +355,15 @@ rewrite_heap_tuple(RewriteState state,
 	/*
 	 * If the tuple has been updated, check the old-to-new mapping hash table.
 	 */
-	if (!(old_tuple->t_data->t_infomask & (HEAP_XMAX_INVALID |
-										   HEAP_IS_LOCKED)) &&
+	if (!((old_tuple->t_data->t_infomask & HEAP_XMAX_INVALID) ||
+		  HeapTupleHeaderIsOnlyLocked(old_tuple->t_data)) &&
 		!(ItemPointerEquals(&(old_tuple->t_self),
 							&(old_tuple->t_data->t_ctid))))
 	{
 		OldToNewMapping mapping;
 
 		memset(&hashkey, 0, sizeof(hashkey));
-		hashkey.xmin = HeapTupleHeaderGetXmax(old_tuple->t_data);
+		hashkey.xmin = HeapTupleHeaderGetUpdateXid(old_tuple->t_data);
 		hashkey.tid = old_tuple->t_data->t_ctid;
 
 		mapping = (OldToNewMapping)