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-rw-r--r--doc/src/FAQ/FAQ.html63
-rw-r--r--doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_DEV.html63
-rw-r--r--doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html1750
-rw-r--r--doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_japanese.html103
-rw-r--r--doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_russian.html74
5 files changed, 1030 insertions, 1023 deletions
diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ.html
index 6ba6dea2d8c..c22dc7ef668 100644
--- a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ.html
+++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ.html
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
alink="#0000ff">
<H1>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL</H1>
- <P>Last updated: Thu May 18 23:52:32 EDT 2006</P>
+ <P>Last updated: Mon Oct 9 20:28:14 EDT 2006</P>
<P>Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (<A href=
- "mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</A>)
+ "mailto:bruce@momjian.us">bruce@momjian.us</A>)
</P>
<P>The most recent version of this document can be viewed at <A href=
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
<A href="#item1.3">1.3</A>) What is the copyright of PostgreSQL?<BR>
<A href="#item1.4">1.4</A>) What platforms does PostgreSQL support?<BR>
<A href="#item1.5">1.5</A>) Where can I get PostgreSQL?<BR>
- <A href="#item1.6">1.6</A>) What is the latest release?<BR>
+ <A href="#item1.6">1.6</A>) What is the most recent release?<BR>
<A href="#item1.7">1.7</A>) Where can I get support?<BR>
<A href="#item1.8">1.8</A>) How do I submit a bug report?<BR>
<A href="#item1.9">1.9</A>) How do I find out about known bugs or
@@ -63,8 +63,7 @@
<A href="#item3.4">3.4</A>) What debugging features are available?<BR>
<A href="#item3.5">3.5</A>) Why do I get <I>"Sorry, too many
clients"</I> when trying to connect?<BR>
- <A href="#item3.6">3.6</A>) Why do I need to do a dump and restore
- to upgrade PostgreSQL releases?<BR>
+ <A href="#item3.6">3.6</A> What is the upgrade process for PostgreSQL?<BR>
<A href="#item3.7">3.7</A>) What computer hardware should I use?<BR>
@@ -200,7 +199,7 @@
instructions.</P>
<P>PostgreSQL also runs natively on Microsoft Windows NT-based operating
- systems like Win2000, WinXP, and Win2003. A prepackaged installer is
+ systems like Win2000 SP4, WinXP, and Win2003. A prepackaged installer is
available at <a href= "http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller">
http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller</a>. MSDOS-based versions
of Windows (Win95, Win98, WinMe) can run PostgreSQL using Cygwin.</P>
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@
<A href="ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/">
ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/</A>.</P>
- <H3 id="item1.6">1.6) What is the latest release?</H3>
+ <H3 id="item1.6">1.6) What is the most recent release?</H3>
<P>The latest release of PostgreSQL is version 8.1.5.</P>
@@ -241,8 +240,8 @@
(<I>#postgresqlfr</I>). There is also a PostgreSQL channel on EFNet.</P>
<P>A list of commercial support companies is available at <A href=
- "http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php">
- http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php</A>.</P>
+ "http://www.postgresql.org/support/professional_support">
+ http://www.postgresql.org/support/professional_support</A>.</P>
<H3 id="item1.8">1.8) How do I submit a bug report?</H3>
@@ -472,9 +471,10 @@
<H3 id="item2.3">2.3) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user
interface?</H3>
- <P>Yes, see <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools">
- http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools</a> for a
- detailed list.</P>
+ <P>There are a large number of GUI Tools that are available for PostgreSQL
+ from both commercial and open source developers. A detailed list can be
+ found in the <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/techdocs.54">
+ PostgreSQL Community Documentation</A></P>
<HR>
@@ -544,11 +544,11 @@
<DT><B>Hardware Selection</B></DT>
- <DD>The effect of hardware on performance is detailed in <a
- href="http://candle.pha.pa.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html">
- http://candle.pha.pa.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html</a> and
+ <DD>The effect of hardware on performance is detailed in
<a href="http://www.powerpostgresql.com/PerfList/">
- http://www.powerpostgresql.com/PerfList/</a>.
+ http://www.powerpostgresql.com/PerfList/</a> and <a
+ href="http://momjian.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html">
+ http://momjian.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html</a>.
<BR>
<BR>
</DD>
@@ -570,16 +570,23 @@
<I>max_connections</I> value in <I>postgresql.conf</I> and
restarting the <I>postmaster</I>.</P>
- <H3 id="item3.6">3.6) Why do I need to do a dump and restore
- to upgrade between major PostgreSQL releases?</H3>
+ <H3 id="item3.6">3.6) What is the upgrade process for PostgreSQL?</H3>
- <P>The PostgreSQL team makes only small changes between minor releases,
- so upgrading from 7.4.0 to 7.4.1 does not require a dump and restore.
- However, major releases (e.g. from 7.3 to 7.4) often change the internal
+ <P>The PostgreSQL team makes only bug fixes in minor releases,
+ so, for example, upgrading from 7.4.8 to 7.4.9 does not require
+ a dump and restore; merely stop the database server, install
+ the updated binaries, and restart the server.</P>
+
+ <P>All users should upgrade to the most recent minor release as
+ soon as it is available. While every upgrade has some risk,
+ PostgreSQL minor releases are designed to fix only common bugs
+ with the least risk. The community considers <i>not</i> upgrading
+ more risky that upgrading.</P>
+
+ <P>Major releases (e.g. from 7.3 to 7.4) often change the internal
format of system tables and data files. These changes are often complex,
- so we don't maintain backward compatibility for data files. A dump outputs
- data in a generic format that can then be loaded in using the new internal
- format.</P>
+ so we don't maintain backward compatibility for data files. A dump/reload
+ of the database is required for major upgrades.</P>
<H3 id="item3.7">3.7) What computer hardware should I use?</H3>
@@ -687,7 +694,7 @@ table?</TD><TD>unlimited</TD></TR>
<P>One limitation is that indexes can not be created on columns
longer than about 2,000 characters. Fortunately, such indexes are
- rarely needed. Uniqueness is best guaranteed by a funtion index
+ rarely needed. Uniqueness is best guaranteed by a function index
of an MD5 hash of the long column, and full text indexing
allows for searching of words within the column.</P>
@@ -805,8 +812,8 @@ table?</TD><TD>unlimited</TD></TR>
FROM tab
WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';
</PRE>
- This will not use an standard index. However, if you create a
- expresssion index, it will be used:
+ This will not use an standard index. However, if you create an
+ expression index, it will be used:
<PRE>
CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
</PRE>
@@ -950,7 +957,7 @@ length</TD></TR>
<P>Every row that is created in PostgreSQL gets a unique
<SMALL>OID</SMALL> unless created <SMALL>WITHOUT OIDS</SMALL>.
- O<SMALL>ID</SMALL>s are autotomatically assigned unique 4-byte
+ O<SMALL>ID</SMALL>s are automatically assigned unique 4-byte
integers that are unique across the entire installation. However,
they overflow at 4 billion, and then the O<SMALL>ID</SMALL>s start
being duplicated. PostgreSQL uses <SMALL>OID</SMALL>s to link its
diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_DEV.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_DEV.html
index d6413a1c6ac..1558b35d90c 100644
--- a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_DEV.html
+++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_DEV.html
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
<H1>Developer's Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for
PostgreSQL</H1>
- <P>Last updated: Wed Mar 1 17:24:48 EST 2006</P>
+ <P>Last updated: Wed Sep 6 20:12:13 EDT 2006</P>
<P>Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (<A href=
- "mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</A>)<BR>
+ "mailto:bruce@momjian.us">bruce@momjian.us</A>)<BR>
</P>
<P>The most recent version of this document can be viewed at <A
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
<li>The patch should be generated in contextual diff format (<i>diff
-c</i> and should be applicable from the root directory. If you are
unfamiliar with this, you might find the script
- <I>src/tools/makediff/difforig</I> useful. (Unified diffs are only
+ <I>src/tools/make_diff/difforig</I> useful. (Unified diffs are only
preferable if the file changes are single-line changes and do not
rely on surrounding lines.)</li>
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
"#1.16">1.16</a>.</li>
<li>If you are adding a new feature, confirm that it has been tested
- thoughly. Try to test the feature in all conceivable
+ thoroughly. Try to test the feature in all conceivable
scenarios.</li>
<li>If it is a performance patch, please provide confirming test
@@ -222,7 +222,9 @@
<P>Other than documentation in the source tree itself, you can find
some papers/presentations discussing the code at <A href=
"http://www.postgresql.org/developer">
- http://www.postgresql.org/developer</A>.</P>
+ http://www.postgresql.org/developer</A>. An excellent presentation
+ is at <a href=
+ "http://neilconway.org/talks/hacking/">http://neilconway.org/talks/hacking/</a></P>
<H3 id="item1.7">1.7) How do I download/update the current
source tree?</H3>
@@ -355,9 +357,9 @@
can be applied to the distribution. This produces context diffs,
which is our preferred format.</P>
- <P>Our standard format is to indent each code level with one tab,
- where each tab is four spaces. You will need to set your editor to
- display tabs as four spaces:<BR>
+ <P>Our standard format <I>BSD</I> style, with each level of code indented
+ one tab, where each tab is four spaces. You will need to set your editor
+ or file viewer to display tabs as four spaces:<BR>
</P>
<PRE>
vi in ~/.exrc:
@@ -367,45 +369,16 @@
more -x4
less:
less -x4
- emacs:
- M-x set-variable tab-width
-
- or
-
- (c-add-style "pgsql"
- '("bsd"
- (indent-tabs-mode . t)
- (c-basic-offset . 4)
- (tab-width . 4)
- (c-offsets-alist .
- ((case-label . +)))
- )
- nil ) ; t = set this style, nil = don't
-
- (defun pgsql-c-mode ()
- (c-mode)
- (c-set-style "pgsql")
- )
-
- and add this to your autoload list (modify file path in macro):
-
- (setq auto-mode-alist
- (cons '("\\`/home/andrew/pgsql/.*\\.[chyl]\\'" . pgsql-c-mode)
- auto-mode-alist))
- or
- /*
- * Local variables:
- * tab-width: 4
- * c-indent-level: 4
- * c-basic-offset: 4
- * End:
- */
</PRE>
- <BR>
- <I>pgindent</I> will the format code by specifying flags to your
+ <P>The <I>tools/editors</I> directory of the latest sources contains sample
+ settings that can be used with the <I>emacs</I>, <I>xemacs</I> and
+ <I>vim</I> editors, that assist in keeping to PostgreSQL coding standards.
+ </P>
+
+ <P><I>pgindent</I> will the format code by specifying flags to your
operating system's utility <I>indent.</I> This <A href=
"http://ezine.daemonnews.org/200112/single_coding_style.html">article</A>
- describes the value of a consistent coding style.
+ describes the value of a consistent coding style.</P>
<P><I>pgindent</I> is run on all source files just before each beta
test period. It auto-formats all source files to make them
@@ -704,7 +677,7 @@
http://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/dbms/Data/Papers-Other/SQL1999/ansi-iso-9075-2-1999.pdf</A></LI>
<LI>SQL:2003 <A href=
- "http://www.wiscorp.com/sql/sql_2003_standard.zip">http://www.wiscorp.com/sql/sql_2003_standard.zip</A></LI>
+ "http://www.wiscorp.com/sql_2003_standard.zip">http://www.wiscorp.com/sql_2003_standard.zip</A></LI>
</UL>
<P>Some SQL standards web pages are:</P>
diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html
index 8a4662c2538..d089d69eab5 100644
--- a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html
+++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html
@@ -1,875 +1,875 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" dir="ltr">
- <head>
- <title>
- PostgreSQL: PostgreSQL ³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©
- </title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=gb2312" />
- </head>
-
- <body>
-
-<h1>PostgreSQL ³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©</h1>
-<p>
-×î½ü¸üУº2005 Äê 06 Ô 02 ÈÕ ÐÇÆÚÎå 22:27:35 CST
-</p>
-<p>
- Ŀǰά»¤ÈËÔ±£ºBruce Momjian (<a href="mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</a>)<br/>
- ÖÐÎÄ°æά»¤ÈËÔ±£ºdoudou586 £¨doudou586_2005@yahoo.com.cn£©
-</p>
-<p>
- ±¾ÎĵµµÄ×îа汾¿ÉÒÔÔÚ
- <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html">http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html</a>²é¿´¡£
-</p>
-<p>
- Óë²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨Ïà¹ØµÄÎÊÌâÔÚ<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/">http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/</a>Àï»Ø´ð¡£<br/>
-</p>
-<hr/>
-
-<div><h2>³£¼ûÎÊÌâ</h2></div>
-
-<p>
-<a href="#1.1">1.1</a>)PostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿¸ÃÔõô·¢Òô£¿<br/>
-<a href="#1.2">1.2</a>)PostgreSQL µÄ°æȨÊÇʲô£¿<br/>
-<a href="#1.3">1.3</a>)PostgreSQL ¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚÄÄЩ²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨ÉÏ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#1.4">1.4</a>)ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿<br/>
-<a href="#1.5">1.5</a>)ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö£¿<br/>
-<a href="#1.6">1.6</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#1.7">1.7</a>)×îаæµÄPostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿<br/>
-<a href="#1.8">1.8</a>)Äܹ»»ñÈ¡µÄ×îÐÂÎĵµÓÐÄÄЩ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#1.9">1.9</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎÁ˽âÒÑÖªµÄ BUG »òÔÝȱµÄ¹¦ÄÜ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#1.10">1.10</a>)ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùѧϰ SQL £¿<br/>
-<a href="#1.11">1.11</a>)ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑù¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飿<br/>
-<a href="#1.12">1.12</a>)PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËûÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±ÈÆðÀ´ÈçºÎ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#1.13">1.13</a>)Ë­¿ØÖƺ͹ÜÀíPostgreSQL £¿
-</p>
-
-<div><h2>Óû§¿Í»§¶ËÎÊÌâ</h2></div>
-<p>
-<a href="#2.1">2.1</a>)ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓÃʲôÓïÑÔºÍ PostgreSQL ´ò½»µÀ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#2.2">2.2</a>)ÓÐʲô¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ PostgreSQL ÓÃÓÚ Web Ò³Ã棿<br/>
-<a href="#2.3">2.3</a>)PostgreSQL ÓµÓÐͼÐÎÓû§½çÃæÂð£¿<br/>
-</p>
-
-<div><h2>ϵͳ¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ</h2></div>
-<p>
-<a href="#3.1">3.1</a>)ÎÒÔõÑù²ÅÄÜ°Ñ PostgreSQL ×°ÔÚ /usr/local/pgsql ÒÔÍâµÄµØ·½£¿<br/>
-<a href="#3.2">3.2</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎ¿ØÖÆÀ´×ÔÆäËûÖ÷»úµÄÁ¬½Ó£¿<br/>
-<a href="#3.3">3.3</a>)ÎÒÔõÑùµ÷ÕûÊý¾Ý¿âÒýÇæÒÔ»ñµÃ¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#3.4">3.4</a>)PostgreSQL Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#3.5">3.5</a>)ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓµÇ¼ʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too many clients¡± ÏûÏ¢£¿<br/>
-<a href="#3.6">3.6</a>)ΪʲôҪÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL Ö÷Òª·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö dump ºÍ restore £¿<br/>
-<a href="#3.7">3.7</a>)(ʹÓÃPostgreSQL)ÎÒÐèҪʹÓÃʲô¼ÆËã»úÓ²¼þ £¿<br/>
-</p>
-
-<div><h2>²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâ</h2></div>
-<p>
-<a href="#4.1">4.1</a>)ÈçºÎֻѡÔñÒ»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûµÄÍ·¼¸ÐУ¿»òÊÇËæ»úµÄÒ»ÐУ¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.2">4.2</a>)ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿ÈçºÎ²é¿´<i>psql</i>ÀïÓõ½µÄ²éѯָÁî²¢ÏÔʾËüÃÇ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.3">4.3</a>)ÈçºÎ¸ü¸ÄÒ»¸ö×ֶεÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.4">4.4</a>)Ò»ÐмǼ£¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.5">4.5</a>)´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄÎı¾ÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿<br/>
-<a href="#4.6">4.6</a>)ΪʲôÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÕâЩ²éѯûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.7">4.7</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑùÆÀ¹À´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯµÄ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.8">4.8</a>)ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽ²éÕÒ£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎ޹زéÕÒ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.9">4.9</a>)ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ NULL£¿ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ׼ȷÅÅÐò¶ø²»ÂÛij×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñº¬NULLÖµ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.10">4.10</a>)¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.11.1">4.11.1</a>)ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.11.2">4.11.2</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.11.3">4.11.3</a>)ʹÓà currval() »áµ¼ÖºÍÆäËûÓû§µÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿ö£¨race condition£©Âð£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.11.4">4.11.4</a>)Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.12">4.12</a>)ʲôÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ CTID £¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.13">4.13</a>)ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°<i>ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()</i>¡±£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.14">4.14</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.15">4.15</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.16">4.16</a>)ÈçºÎ½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.17">4.17</a>)ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.18">4.18</a>)ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.19">4.19</a>)ΪʲôÎÒÔÚʹÓÃPL/PgSQLº¯Êý´æÈ¡ÁÙʱ±íʱ»áÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°relation with OID ##### does not exist¡±£¿<br/>
-<a href="#4.20">4.20</a>)Ä¿Ç°ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸¿ÉÓã¿<br/>
-</p>
-
-<hr/>
-
-<div><h2>³£¼ûÎÊÌâ</h2></div>
-
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" dir="ltr">
+ <head>
+ <title>
+ PostgreSQL: PostgreSQL ³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©
+ </title>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=gb2312" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+
+<h1>PostgreSQL ³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©</h1>
+<p>
+×î½ü¸üУº2005 Äê 06 Ô 02 ÈÕ ÐÇÆÚÎå 22:27:35 CST
+</p>
+<p>
+ Ŀǰά»¤ÈËÔ±£ºBruce Momjian (<a href="mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</a>)<br/>
+ ÖÐÎÄ°æά»¤ÈËÔ±£ºdoudou586 £¨doudou586_2005@yahoo.com.cn£©
+</p>
+<p>
+ ±¾ÎĵµµÄ×îа汾¿ÉÒÔÔÚ
+ <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html">http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html</a>²é¿´¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ Óë²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨Ïà¹ØµÄÎÊÌâÔÚ<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/">http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/</a>Àï»Ø´ð¡£<br/>
+</p>
+<hr/>
+
+<div><h2>³£¼ûÎÊÌâ</h2></div>
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+<p>
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+<a href="#1.13">1.13</a>)Ë­¿ØÖƺ͹ÜÀíPostgreSQL £¿
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+</p>
+
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+<a href="#4.20">4.20</a>)Ä¿Ç°ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸¿ÉÓã¿<br/>
+</p>
+
+<hr/>
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+<p>
+PostgreSQL ¶Á×÷ <i>Post-Gres-Q-L</i>£¬ÓÐʱºòÒ²¼ò³ÆΪ<i>Postgres</i> ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ PostgreSQL ÊÇÃæÏòÄ¿±êµÄ¹ØϵÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ£¬Ëü¾ßÓд«Í³ÉÌÒµÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳµÄËùÓй¦ÄÜ£¬Í¬Ê±ÓÖº¬Óн«ÔÚÏÂÒ»´ú DBMS ϵͳµÄʹÓõÄÔöÇ¿ÌØÐÔ¡£
+ PostgreSQL ÊÇ×ÔÓÉÃâ·ÑµÄ£¬²¢ÇÒËùÓÐÔ´´úÂ붼¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ¡£
+</p>
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+ PostgreSQL µÄ¿ª·¢¶ÓÎéÖ÷ҪΪ־ԸÕߣ¬ËûÃDZ鲼ÊÀ½ç¸÷µØ²¢Í¨¹ý»¥ÁªÍø½øÐÐÁªÏµ£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»¸öÉçÇø¿ª·¢ÏîÄ¿£¬Ëü²»±»Èκι«Ë¾¿ØÖÆ¡£
+ ÈçÏë¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飬Çë²Î¼û¿ª·¢ÈËÔ±³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©
+ <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html">http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html</a>
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="1.2"></a>1.2)PostgreSQL µÄ°æȨÊÇʲô?</h4>
+<p>
+PostgreSQLµÄ·¢²¼×ñ´Ó¾­µäµÄBSD°æȨ¡£¹ØÓÚÔ´´úÂëµÄÈçºÎʹÓÃûÓÐÈκÎÏÞÖÆ£¬ÎÒÃǺÜϲ»¶ÕâÖÖ·½Ê½²¢ÇÒ»¹Ã»ÓдòËã¸Ä±äËü¡£
+</p>
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+ÏÂÃæ¾ÍÊÇÎÒÃÇʹÓõÄBSD°æȨÄÚÈÝ£º
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+ £¨Portions copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development Group Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California£©
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+ ²¢ÇÒÎÞÐëÇ©ÊðÒò´Ë¶ø²úÉúµÄÖ¤Ã÷£¬Ç°ÌáÊÇÉÏÃæµÄ°æȨÉùÃ÷ºÍ±¾¶ÎÒÔ¼°ÏÂÃæÁ½¶ÎÎÄ×Ö³öÏÖÔÚËùÓп½±´ÖС£
+</p>
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+ £¨Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
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+ the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.£©
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+<p>
+ ÔÚÈκÎÇé¿öÏ£¬¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶¼²»³Ðµ£ÒòʹÓôËÈí¼þ¼°ÆäÎĵµ¶øµ¼ÖµĶÔÈκε±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÖ±½ÓµÄ£¬
+ ¼ä½ÓµÄ£¬ÌØÊâµÄ£¬¸½¼ÓµÄ»òÕßÏà°é¶øÉúµÄË𻵣¬°üÀ¨ÀûÒæËðʧµÄÔðÈΣ¬¼´Ê¹¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÒѾ­½¨ÒéÁËÕâЩËðʧµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔʱҲÊÇÈç´Ë¡£
+</p>
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+ £¨IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR
+ DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST
+ PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF
+ THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
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+
+<p>
+ ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÃ÷È··ÅÆúÈκα£Ö¤£¬°üÀ¨µ«²»¾ÖÏÞÓÚijһÌض¨ÓÃ;µÄÉÌÒµºÍÀûÒæµÄÒþº¬±£Ö¤¡£
+ ÕâÀïÌṩµÄÕâ·ÝÈí¼þÊÇ»ùÓÚ¡°µ±×÷ÊÇ¡±µÄ»ù´¡µÄ£¬Òò¶ø¼ÓÖÝ´óѧûÓÐÔðÈÎÌṩά»¤£¬Ö§³Ö£¬¸üУ¬ÔöÇ¿»òÕßÐ޸ĵķþÎñ¡£
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+ £¨THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT
+ NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+ PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND
+ THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE,
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+<h4><a name="1.3"></a>1.3)PostgreSQL ¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚÄÄЩ²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨ÉÏ£¿</h4>
+
+<p>
+ Ò»°ã˵À´£¬Ò»¸öÏÖ´úµÄ UNIX ¼æÈݵÄƽ̨¶¼ÄÜÔËÐÐ PostgreSQL ¡£ÔÚ°²×°Ö¸ÄÏÀïÁгöÁË·¢²¼Ê±¾­¹ýÃ÷È·²âÊÔµÄƽ̨¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ PostgreSQlÒ²¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÔËÐÐÔÚ»ùÓÚ΢ÈíWindows-NTµÄ²Ù×÷ϵͳ£¬ÈçWin2000£¬WinXP ºÍ Win2003£¬ÒÑÖÆ×÷Íê³ÉµÄ°²×°°ü¿É´Ó
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+ £¨Win95£¬Win98£¬WinMe£©ÐèҪͨ¹ýCygwinÄ£Äâ»·¾³ÔËÐÐPostgreSQL¡£
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+
+<p>
+ ͬʱҲÓÐÒ»¸öΪNovell Netware 6¿ª·¢µÄ°æ±¾¿É´Ó<a href="http://forge.novell.com"> http://forge.novell.com </a>»ñÈ¡£¬ÎªOS/2¿ª·¢µÄ°æ±¾¿É´Ó
+ <a href="http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&amp;button=Search&amp;key=postgreSQL&amp;stype=all&amp;sort=type&amp;dir=%2F">
+ http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&amp;button=Search&amp;key=postgreSQL&amp;stype=all&amp;sort=type&amp;dir=%2F</a>
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="1.4"></a>1.4)ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿</h4>
+
+<p>
+ ͨ¹ýä¯ÀÀÆ÷¿É´Ó<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/">http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/</a>ÏÂÔØ£¬Ò²¿Éͨ¹ýFTP£¬´Ó
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+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="1.5"></a>1.5)ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ PostgreSQLÉçÇøͨ¹ýÓʼþÁбíΪÆä´ó¶àÊýÓû§Ìṩ°ïÖú£¬¼ÓÈëÓʼþÁбíµÄÖ÷Õ¾µãÊÇ<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/community/lists/"> http://www.postgresql.org/community/lists/</a>£¬Ò»°ãÇé¿öÏ£¬ÏȼÓÈë<i>General</i> »ò <i>Bug</i>ÓʼþÁбíÊÇÒ»¸ö½ÏºÃµÄ¿ªÊ¼¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ Ö÷ÒªµÄIRCƵµÀÊÇÔÚFreeNode(<i>irc.freenode.net</i>)µÄ<i>#postgresql</i>£¬ÎªÁËÁ¬ÉÏ´ËƵµÀ£¬¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃUNIX³ÌÐòirc£¬ÆäÖ¸Áî¸ñʽ£º
+ irc -c '#postgresql' "$USER" irc.freenode.net £¬»òÕßʹÓÃÆäËûIRC¿Í»§¶Ë³ÌÐò¡£ÔÚ´ËÍøÂçÖл¹´æÔÚÒ»¸öPostgreSQLµÄÎ÷°àÑÀƵµÀ(<i>#postgersql-es</i>)ºÍ·¨ÓïƵµÀ
+ (<i>#postgresql-fr</i>)¡£Í¬ÑùµØ£¬ÔÚEFNETÉÏÒ²ÓÐÒ»¸öPostgreSQLµÄ½»Á÷ƵµÀ¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ ÉÌÒµÖ§³Ö¹«Ë¾µÄÁбíÔÚ<a href=" http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php"> http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php</a>¡£
+</p>
+
+
+
+<h4><a name="1.6"></a>1.6)ÎÒÈçºÎÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ¿É·ÃÎÊ <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug">http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug</a>£¬ÌîдBugÉϱ¨±í¸ñ¼´¿É¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ ͬÑùÒ²¿É·ÃÎÊftpÕ¾µã<a href="ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/">ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/</a> ¼ì²éÓÐÎÞ¸üеÄPostgreSQL°æ±¾»ò²¹¶¡¡£
+</p>
+
+
+
+<h4><a name="1.7"></a>1.7)×îаæµÄPostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇ°æ±¾ 8.0.2 £¨Òë×¢£ºÏÖ×îа汾Ϊ8.0.3£©¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ ÎÒÃǼƻ®Ã¿Äê·¢²¼Ò»¸öÖ÷Òª°æ±¾£¬Ã¿¼¸¸öÔ·¢²¼Ò»¸öС°æ±¾¡£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="1.8"></a>1.8)Äܹ»»ñÈ¡µÄ×îÐÂÎĵµÓÐÄÄЩ£¿</h4>
+
+<p>
+ PostgreSQL°üº¬´óÁ¿µÄÎĵµ£¬Ö÷ÒªÓÐһЩÊֲᣬÊÖ²áÒ³ºÍһЩµÄ²âÊÔÀý×Ó¡£²Î¼û /doc Ŀ¼£¨Òë×¢£ºÓ¦Îª $PGHOME/doc£©¡£
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+</p>
+<p>
+ ÓÐÁ½±¾¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄÊéÔÚÏßÌṩ£¬ÔÚ
+ <a href="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html</a>
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+ Äã¿ÉÒÔ´ÓÕâÀï»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÊý¾Ý¿âµÄÐÅÏ¢¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ÔÚϵͳÖÐÓÐһЩÒÔ<i>pg_</i> ´òÍ·µÄϵͳ±íÒ²ÃèÊöÁ˱íµÄ¶¨Òå¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ʹÓà <i>psql -l</i> Ö¸Áî¿ÉÒÔÁгöËùÓеÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ Ò²¿ÉÒÔä¯ÀÀһϠ<i>pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source</i>Îļþ£¬ËüÁоÙÁ˺ܶà¿É´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±íÖлñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢µÄSELECTÓï·¨¡£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.3"></a>4.3)ÈçºÎ¸ü¸ÄÒ»¸ö×ֶεÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ÔÚ8.0°æ±¾Àï¸ü¸ÄÒ»¸ö×ֶεÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐͺÜÈÝÒ×£¬¿ÉʹÓà ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN TYPE ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù×ö£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+ BEGIN;
+ ALTER TABLE tab ADD COLUMN new_col new_data_type;
+ UPDATE tab SET new_col = CAST(old_col AS new_data_type);
+ ALTER TABLE tab DROP COLUMN old_col;
+ COMMIT;
+</pre>
+<p>
+ ÄãÈ»ºó¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ<i>VACUUM FULL tab </i>Ö¸ÁîÀ´Ê¹ÏµÍ³ÊÕ»ØÎÞЧÊý¾ÝËùÕ¼ÓõĿռ䡣
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.4"></a>4.4)Ò»ÐмǼ£¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ÏÂÃæÊÇһЩÏÞÖÆ£º
+</p>
+<blockquote>
+ <table>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr><td>Ò»¸öÊý¾Ý¿â×î´ó³ß´ç£¿</td><td>ÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¨ÒÑ´æÔÚÓÐ 32TB µÄÊý¾Ý¿â£©</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿</td><td>32 TB</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Ò»ÐмǼµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿</td><td>1.6 TB</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Ò»¸ö×ֶεÄ×î´ó³ß´ç?</td><td>1 GB</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÐÐÊý£¿</td><td>ÎÞÏÞÖÆ</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÁÐÊý£¿</td><td>250-1600 £¨ÓëÁÐÀàÐÍÓйأ©</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íÀïµÄ×î´óË÷ÒýÊýÁ¿£¿</td><td>ÎÞÏÞÖÆ</td></tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+ µ±È»£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏûÓÐÕæÕýµÄÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¬»¹ÊÇÒªÊÜ¿ÉÓôÅÅ̿ռ䡢¿ÉÓÃÄÚ´æ/½»»»ÇøµÄÖÆÔ¼¡£
+ ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬µ±ÕâЩÊýÖµ±äµÃÒì³£µØ´óʱ£¬ÏµÍ³ÐÔÄÜÒ²»áÊܴܺóÓ°Ïì¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ ±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç 32 TB ²»ÐèÒª²Ù×÷ϵͳ¶Ô´óÎļþµÄÖ§³Ö¡£´ó±íÓöà¸ö 1 GB µÄÎļþ´æ´¢£¬Òò´ËÎļþϵͳ³ß´çµÄÏÞÖÆÊDz»ÖØÒªµÄ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ Èç¹ûȱʡµÄ¿é´óСÔö³¤µ½ 32K £¬×î´óµÄ±í³ß´çºÍ×î´óÁÐÊý»¹¿ÉÒÔÔö¼Óµ½Ëı¶¡£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.5"></a>4.5)´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄÎı¾ÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿</h4>
+<p>
+ Ò»¸ö Postgres Êý¾Ý¿â£¨´æ´¢Ò»¸öÎı¾Îļþ£©ËùÕ¼ÓõĿռä×î¶à¿ÉÄÜÐèÒªÏ൱ÓÚÕâ¸öÎı¾Îļþ×ÔÉí´óС5±¶µÄ´ÅÅ̿ռ䡣
+</p>
+<p>
+ ÀýÈ磬¼ÙÉèÓÐÒ»¸ö 100,000 ÐеÄÎļþ£¬Ã¿ÐÐÓÐÒ»¸öÕûÊýºÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÃèÊö¡£
+ ¼ÙÉèÎı¾´®µÄƽ¾ù³¤¶ÈΪ20×Ö½Ú¡£Îı¾ÎļþÕ¼Óà 2.8 MB¡£´æ·ÅÕâЩÊý¾ÝµÄ PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿âÎļþ´óÔ¼ÊÇ 6.4 MB:
+</p>
+<pre>
+ 32 ×Ö½Ú: ÿÐеÄÍ·£¨¹À¼ÆÖµ£©
+ 24 ×Ö½Ú: Ò»¸öÕûÊýÐÍ×ֶκÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÐÍ×Ö¶Î
+ + 4 ×Ö½Ú: Ò³ÃæÄÚÖ¸ÏòÔª×éµÄÖ¸Õë
+ ----------------------------------------
+ 60 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ
+
+ PostgreSQL Êý¾ÝÒ³µÄ´óСÊÇ 8192 ×Ö½Ú (8 KB)£¬Ôò£º
+
+ 8192 ×Ö½Úÿҳ
+ ------------------- = 136 ÐÐ/Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÏÂÈ¡Õû£©
+ 60 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ
+
+ 100000 Êý¾ÝÐÐ
+ -------------------- = 735 Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÉÏÈ¡Õû£©
+ 128 ÐÐÿҳ
+
+ 735 Êý¾ÝÒ³ * 8192 ×Ö½Ú/Ò³ = 6,021,120 ×Ö½Ú£¨6 MB£©
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+ Ë÷Òý²»ÐèÒªÕâô¶àµÄ¶îÍâÏûºÄ£¬µ«Ò²È·Êµ°üÀ¨±»Ë÷ÒýµÄÊý¾Ý£¬Òò´ËËüÃÇÒ²¿ÉÄܴܺó¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ¿ÕÖµ<i>NULL</i>´æ·ÅÔÚλͼÖУ¬Òò´ËÕ¼ÓúÜÉٵĿռ䡣
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.6"></a>4.6)ΪʲôÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÕâЩ²éѯûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ²¢·Çÿ¸ö²éѯ¶¼»á×Ô¶¯Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£Ö»ÓÐÔÚ±íµÄ´óС³¬¹ýÒ»¸ö×îСֵ£¬²¢ÇÒ²éѯֻ»áÑ¡ÖбíÖнÏС±ÈÀýµÄ¼Ç¼ʱ²Å»á²ÉÓÃË÷Òý¡£
+ ÕâÊÇÒòΪË÷ÒýɨÃèÒýÆðµÄËæ¼´´ÅÅÌ´æÈ¡¿ÉÄܱÈÖ±½ÓµØ¶ÁÈ¡±í£¨Ë³ÐòɨÃ裩¸üÂý¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ΪÁËÅжÏÊÇ·ñʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬PostgreSQL±ØÐë»ñµÃÓйرíµÄͳ¼ÆÖµ¡£ÕâЩͳ¼ÆÖµ¿ÉÒÔʹÓà VACUUM ANALYZE£¬»ò ANALYZE »ñµÃ¡£
+ ʹÓÃͳ¼ÆÖµ£¬ÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÖªµÀ±íÖÐÓжàÉÙÐУ¬¾ÍÄܹ»¸üºÃµØÅжÏÊÇ·ñÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£
+ ͳ¼ÆÖµ¶ÔÈ·¶¨ÓÅ»¯µÄÁ¬½Ó˳ÐòºÍÁ¬½Ó·½·¨Ò²ºÜÓÐÓá£ÔÚ±íµÄÄÚÈÝ·¢Éú±ä»¯Ê±£¬Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ½øÐÐͳ¼ÆÖµµÄ¸üÐÂÊÕ¼¯¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ Ë÷Òýͨ³£²»ÓÃÓÚ ORDER BY »òÖ´ÐÐÁ¬½Ó¡£¶ÔÒ»¸ö´ó±íµÄÒ»´Î˳ÐòɨÃ裬ÔÙ×öÒ»¸öÏÔʽµÄÅÅÐòͨ³£±ÈË÷ÒýɨÃèÒª¿ì¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ LIMIT ºÍ ORDER BY ½áºÏʹÓÃʱ¾­³£»áʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòΪÕâÖ»»á·µ»Ø±íµÄһС²¿·Ö¡£
+ ʵ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ» MAX() ºÍ MIN() ²¢²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô
+ ORDER BY ºÍ LLIMIT ʹÓÃË÷ÒýÈ¡µÃ×î´óÖµºÍ×îСֵҲÊÇ¿ÉÒԵģº
+</p>
+<pre>
+ SELECT col
+ FROM tab
+ ORDER BY col [ DESC ]
+ LIMIT 1;
+</pre>
+<p>
+ Èç¹ûÄãÈ·ÐÅPostgreSQLµÄÓÅ»¯Æ÷ʹÓÃ˳ÐòɨÃèÊDz»ÕýÈ·µÄ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ<code>SET enable_seqscan TO 'off'</code>Ö¸Á
+ È»ºóÔÙ´ÎÔËÐвéѯ£¬Äã¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¿´³öʹÓÃÒ»¸öË÷ÒýɨÃèÊÇ·ñȷʵҪ¿ìһЩ¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ µ±Ê¹ÓÃͨÅä·û²Ù×÷£¬ÀýÈç <i>LIKE</i> »ò <i>~</i> ʱ£¬Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜÔÚÌض¨µÄÇé¿öÏÂʹÓãº
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>×Ö·û´®µÄ¿ªÊ¼²¿·Ö±ØÐëÊÇÆÕͨ×Ö·û´®£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£º
+ <ul>
+ <li> <i>LIKE</i> ģʽ²»ÄÜÒÔ <i>%</i> ´òÍ·¡£</li>
+ <li> <i>~</i> £¨ÕýÔò±í´ïʽ£©Ä£Ê½±ØÐëÒÔ <i>^</i> ´òÍ·¡£</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>×Ö·û´®²»ÄÜÒÔÆ¥Åä¶à¸ö×Ö·ûµÄģʽÀà´òÍ·£¬ÀýÈç [a-e]¡£</li>
+ <li>´óСдÎ޹صIJéÕÒ£¬Èç ILIKE ºÍ ~* µÈ²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬µ«¿ÉÒÔÓà <a href="#4.8">4.8</a> ½ÚÃèÊöµÄº¯ÊýË÷Òý¡£</li>
+ <li>ÔÚ×ö initdb ʱ±ØÐë²ÉÓÃȱʡµÄ±¾µØÉèÖà C locale£¬ÒòΪϵͳ²»¿ÉÄÜÖªµÀÔÚ·ÇC localeÇé¿öʱÏÂÒ»¸ö×î´ó×Ö·ûÊÇʲô¡£
+ ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸öÌØÊâµÄ<code>text_pattern_ops</code>Ë÷ÒýÀ´ÓÃÓÚ<small>LIKE</small>µÄË÷Òý¡£
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+ ÔÚ8.0֮ǰµÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬³ý·ÇÒª²éѯµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐͺÍË÷ÒýµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍÏàÆ¥Å䣬·ñÔòË÷Òý¾­³£ÊÇδ±»Óõ½£¬ÌرðÊǶÔint2,int8ºÍÊýÖµÐ͵ÄË÷Òý¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.7"></a>4.7)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑùÆÀ¹À´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ²Î¿¼ <small>EXPLAIN</small> ÊÖ²áÒ³¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.8"></a>4.8)ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽ²éÕÒ£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎ޹زéÕÒ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ²Ù×÷·û <i> ~ </i> ´¦ÀíÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅ䣬¶ø <i>~*</i> ´¦Àí´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅä¡£´óдЩÎÞ¹ØµÄ LIKE ±äÖÖ³ÉΪ ILIKE¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ´óСдÎ޹صĵÈʽ±È½Ïͨ³£Ð´×ö£º
+</p>
+<pre> SELECT *
+ FROM tab
+ WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';
+</pre>
+<p>
+ ÕâÑù½«²»»áʹÓñê×¼µÄË÷Òý¡£µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸ö¿É±»ÀûÓõĺ¯ÊýË÷Òý:
+</p>
+<pre> CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
+</pre>
+
+<h4><a name="4.9"></a>4.9)ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ <i>NULL</i> £¿ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ׼ȷÅÅÐò¶ø²»ÂÛij×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñº¬ <i>NULL</i> Öµ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ Óà <small>IS NULL</small> ºÍ <small>IS NOT NULL</small> ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×ֶΣ¬¾ßÌå·½·¨ÈçÏ£º
+</p>
+<pre> SELECT *
+ FROM tab
+ WHERE col IS NULL;
+</pre>
+
+<p>ΪÁËÄܶԺ¬ <small>NULL</small>×Ö¶ÎÅÅÐò£¬¿ÉÔÚ <small>ORDER BY</small> Ìõ¼þÖÐʹÓà <small>IS NULL</small>ºÍ
+ <small>IS NOT NULL</small> ÐÞÊηû£¬Ìõ¼þΪÕæ <i>true</i> ½«±ÈÌõ¼þΪ¼Ù<i>false</i> ÅÅÔÚÇ°Ã棬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ӾͻὫº¬
+ NULL µÄ¼Ç¼ÅÅÔÚ½á¹ûµÄÉÏÃ沿·Ö£º
+</p>
+<pre> SELECT *
+ FROM tab
+ ORDER BY (col IS NOT NULL)
+</pre>
+
+<h4><a name="4.10"></a>4.10)¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿</h4>
+<blockquote>
+ <table>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr><th>ÀàÐÍ</th><th>ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ</th><th>˵Ã÷</th></tr>
+ <tr><td>VARCHAR(n)</td><td>varchar</td><td>Ö¸¶¨ÁË×î´ó³¤¶È£¬±ä³¤×Ö·û´®£¬²»×㶨Ò峤¶ÈµÄ²¿·Ö²»²¹Æë</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>CHAR(n)</td><td>bpchar</td><td>¶¨³¤×Ö·û´®£¬Êµ¼ÊÊý¾Ý²»×㶨Ò峤¶Èʱ£¬ÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹Æë</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>TEXT</td><td>text</td><td>ûÓÐÌرðµÄÉÏÏÞÏÞÖÆ£¨½öÊÜÐеÄ×î´ó³¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ£©</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>BYTEA</td><td>bytea</td><td>±ä³¤×Ö½ÚÐòÁУ¨Ê¹ÓÃNULLÒ²ÊÇÔÊÐíµÄ£©</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>"char"</td><td>char</td><td>Ò»¸ö×Ö·û</td></tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+ ÔÚϵͳ±íºÍÔÚһЩ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÀïÄ㽫¿´µ½ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ÉÏÃæËùÁеÄÇ°ËÄÖÖÀàÐÍÊÇ"varlena"£¨±ä³¤£©ÀàÐÍ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬¿ªÍ·µÄËĸö×Ö½ÚÊdz¤¶È£¬ºóÃæ²ÅÊÇÊý¾Ý£©¡£
+ ÓÚÊÇʵ¼ÊÕ¼ÓõĿռä±ÈÉùÃ÷µÄ´óСҪ¶àһЩ¡£
+ È»¶øÕâЩÀàÐͶ¼¿ÉÒÔ±»Ñ¹Ëõ´æ´¢£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓà TOAST ÍÑ»ú´æ´¢£¬Òò´Ë´ÅÅÌ¿Õ¼äÒ²¿ÉÄܱÈÔ¤ÏëµÄÒªÉÙ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ <small>VARCHAR(n)</small> ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£
+ <small>TEXT</small> ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢×î´ó¿É´ï 1G×óÓÒµ«Î´¶¨ÒåÏÞÖƳ¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ <small>CHAR(n)</small> ×îÊʺÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶ÈÏàͬµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£ <small>CHAR(n)</small>»á¸ù¾ÝËù¸ø¶¨µÄ×ֶ㤶ÈÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹×㣨²»×ãµÄ×Ö¶ÎÄÚÈÝ£©£¬
+ ¶ø <small>VARCHAR(n)</small> Ö»´æ´¢Ëù¸ø¶¨µÄÊý¾ÝÄÚÈÝ¡£
+ <small>BYTEA</small> ÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ°üº¬ NULL ×Ö½ÚµÄÖµ¡£ÕâЩÀàÐ;ßÓÐÏàËƵÄÐÔÄÜÌØÐÔ¡£
+</p>
+
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.11.1"></a>4.11.1)ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>
+<p>
+ PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磺
+</p>
+<pre>
+ CREATE TABLE person (
+ id SERIAL,
+ name TEXT
+ );
+</pre>
+<p>
+ »á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+ CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
+ CREATE TABLE person (
+ id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
+ name TEXT
+ );
+</pre>
+<p>
+ ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.11.2"></a>4.11.2)ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö SERIAL Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓÃ
+ <a href="#4.11.1"> 4.11.1</a> ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+ new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");
+ execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')");
+</pre>
+<p>
+ ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£
+ ×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ &lt;<i>table</i>&gt;_&lt;<i>serialcolumn</i>&gt;_<i>seq</i>£¬
+ ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ÀàËƵģ¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磺
+</p>
+<pre>
+ execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");
+ new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");
+</pre>
+
+<h4><a name="4.11.3"></a>4.11.3)ʹÓà <i>currval()</i> »áµ¼ÖºÍÆäËûÓû§µÄ³åÍ»Çé¿ö£¨race condition£©Âð£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ²»»á¡£<i>currval()</i> ·µ»ØµÄÊÇÄã±¾´Î»á»°½ø³ÌËù¸³µÄÖµ¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§µÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£<br/>
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.11.4"></a>4.11.4)Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊø֮ǰ²»½øÐÐËø¶¨£¬
+ Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹µÄÊÂÎñºó£¬ÐòÁкŻá³öÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><br/><a name="4.12"></a>4.12)ʲôÊÇ <small>OID</small> £¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ <small>CTID</small> £¿</h4>
+<p>
+ PostgreSQL Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐмǼ¶¼»á»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ<small>OID</small>£¬³ý·ÇÔÚ´´½¨±íʱʹÓÃ<small>WITHOUT OIDS</small>Ñ¡Ïî¡£
+ <small>OID</small>´´½¨Ê±»á×Ô¶¯Éú³ÉÒ»¸ö4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý£¬ËùÓÐ OID ÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL ÖоùÊÇΨһµÄ¡£ È»¶ø£¬ËüÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö£¬
+ <small>OID</small>´Ëºó»á³öÏÖÖظ´¡£PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓà OID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ÔÚÓû§µÄÊý¾Ý±íÖУ¬×îºÃÊÇʹÓÃ<small>SERIAl</small>À´´úÌæ<small>OID</small>
+ ÒòΪ<small>SERIAL</small>Ö»ÊDZ£Ö¤ÔÚµ¥¸ö±íÖÐÊý¾ÝÊÇΨһµÄ£¬ÕâÑùËüÒç³öµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐԾͷdz£Ð¡ÁË£¬
+ <small>SERIAL8</small>¿ÉÓÃÀ´±£´æ8×Ö½ÚµÄÐòÁкÅ×ֶΡ£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ <small>CTID</small> ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌض¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£
+ <small>CTID</small> ÔڼǼ±»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔغó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.13"></a>4.13)ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°<i>ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()</i>¡±£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô¶¯ postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ
+</p>
+<pre>
+ ulimit -d 262144
+ limit datasize 256m
+</pre>
+<p>
+ È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓÃµÄ shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£¬
+ Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈòéѯÍê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐк󴴽¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£
+ Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòΪºǫ́·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÔÚÔËÐпͻ§¶Ë֮ǰִÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.14"></a>4.14)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ´Ó psql ÀÊäÈë <code>SELECT version();</code>Ö¸Áî¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.15"></a>4.15)ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ʹÓà CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
+</pre>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.16"></a>4.16)ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ PostgreSQL ²ÉÓñê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+ SELECT *
+ FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);
+</pre>
+<p>»òÊÇ</p>
+<pre>
+ SELECT *
+ FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);
+</pre>
+<p>
+ ÕâÁ½¸öµÈ¼ÛµÄ²éѯÔÚ t1.col ºÍ t2.col ÉÏ×öÁ¬½Ó£¬²¢ÇÒ·µ»Ø t1 ÖÐËùÓÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐУ¨ÄÇЩÔÚ t2 ÖÐûÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐУ©¡£
+ ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½Ó(RIGHT OUTER JOIN)½«·µ»Ø t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£
+ ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1 ºÍ t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£
+ ¹Ø¼ü×Ö OUTER ÔÚ×ó[Íâ]Á¬½Ó¡¢ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½ÓºÍÍêÈ«[Íâ]Á¬½ÓÖÐÊÇ¿ÉÑ¡µÄ£¬ÆÕͨÁ¬½Ó±»³ÆΪÄÚÁ¬½Ó£¨INNER JOIN£©¡£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.17"></a>4.17)ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ûÓа취²éѯµ±Ç°Êý¾Ý¿âÖ®ÍâµÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£
+ ÒòΪ PostgreSQL Òª¼ÓÔØÓëÊý¾Ý¿âÏà¹ØµÄϵͳĿ¼£¨ÏµÍ³±í£©£¬Òò´Ë¿çÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐÊDz»¶¨µÄ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ¸½¼ÓÔöֵģ¿écontrib/dblinkÔÊÐí²ÉÓú¯Êýµ÷ÓÃʵÏÖ¿ç¿â²éѯ¡£µ±È»Óû§Ò²¿ÉÒÔͬʱÁ¬½Óµ½²»Í¬µÄÊý¾Ý¿âÖ´ÐвéѯȻºóÔÚ¿Í»§¶ËºÏ²¢½á¹û¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.18"></a>4.18)ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ÔÚº¯ÊýÖзµ»ØÊý¾Ý¼Ç¼¼¯µÄ¹¦ÄÜÊǺÜÈÝÒ×ʹÓõģ¬ÏêÇé²Î¼û£º
+ <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions">http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions</a>
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.19"></a>4.19)ΪʲôÎÒÔÚʹÓÃPL/PgSQLº¯Êý´æÈ¡ÁÙʱ±íʱ»áÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°relation with OID ##### does not exist¡±£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ PL/PgSQL»á»º´æº¯ÊýµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö²»ºÃµÄ¸±×÷ÓÃÊÇÈôÒ»¸ö PL/PgSQL
+ º¯Êý·ÃÎÊÁËÒ»¸öÁÙʱ±í£¬È»ºó¸Ã±í±»É¾³ý²¢Öؽ¨ÁË£¬ÔòÔٴε÷Óøú¯Êý½«Ê§°Ü£¬
+ ÒòΪ»º´æµÄº¯ÊýÄÚÈÝÈÔȻָÏò¾ÉµÄÁÙʱ±í¡£½â¾öµÄ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ PL/PgSQL ÖÐÓÃ<small>EXECUTE</small>
+ ¶ÔÁÙʱ±í½øÐзÃÎÊ¡£ÕâÑù»á±£Ö¤²éѯÔÚÖ´ÐÐÇ°×ܻᱻÖØнâÎö¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.27"></a>4.27)Ä¿Ç°ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸¿ÉÓã¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ¡°¸´ÖÆ¡±Ö»ÊÇÒ»¸öÊõÓÓкü¸ÖÖ¸´ÖƼ¼Êõ¿ÉʹÓã¬Ã¿ÖÖ¶¼ÓÐÓŵãºÍȱµã£º
+</p>
+<p>
+ Ö÷/´Ó¸´ÖÆ·½Ê½ÊÇÔÊÐíÒ»¸öÖ÷·þÎñÆ÷½ÓÊܶÁ/дµÄÉêÇ룬¶ø¶à¸ö´Ó·þÎñÆ÷Ö»ÄܽÓÊܶÁ/<small>SELECT</small>²éѯµÄÉêÇ룬
+ Ä¿Ç°×îÁ÷ÐÐÇÒÊÇÃâ·ÑµÄÖ÷/´Ó PostgreSQL¸´ÖÆ·½°¸ÊÇ
+ <a href="http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/slony1/projdisplay.php">Slony-I </a>¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ¶à¸öÖ÷·þÎñÆ÷µÄ¸´ÖÆ·½Ê½ÔÊÐí½«¶Á/дµÄÉêÇë·¢Ë͸ø¶ą̀µÄ¼ÆËã»ú£¬ÕâÖÖ·½Ê½ÓÉÓÚÐèÒªÔÚ¶ą̀·þÎñÆ÷Ö®¼äͬ²½Êý¾Ý±ä¶¯
+ ¿ÉÄÜ»á´øÀ´½ÏÑÏÖصÄÐÔÄÜËðʧ£¬<a href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pgcluster/">Pgcluster</a>ÊÇÄ¿Ç°ÕâÖÖ·½°¸
+ ÖÐ×îºÃµÄ£¬¶øÇÒ»¹¿ÉÒÔÃâ·ÑÏÂÔØ¡£
+</p>
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+ Ò²ÓÐһЩÉÌÒµÐ踶·ÑºÍ»ùÓÚÓ²¼þµÄÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸£¬Ö§³ÖÉÏÊö¸÷ÖÖ¸´ÖÆÄ£ÐÍ¡£
+</p>
+
+
+
+</body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_japanese.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_japanese.html
index 4f998da6e5a..86467bbdb78 100644
--- a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_japanese.html
+++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_japanese.html
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
<div id="pgContentWrap">
<h1>PostgreSQL(¥Ý¥¹¥È¥°¥ì¥¹¡¦¥­¥å¡¼¡¦¥¨¥ë)¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤è¤¯¤¢¤ë¼ÁÌä¤È¤½¤Î²òÅú(FAQ)</h1>
-<p>¸¶Ê¸ºÇ½ª¹¹¿·Æü: Sun Apr 2 23:40:12 EDT 2006</p>
+<p>¸¶Ê¸ºÇ½ª¹¹¿·Æü: Fri Aug 18 12:27:33 EDT 2006</p>
<p>¸½ºß¤Î°Ý»ý´ÉÍý¼Ô: Bruce Momjian (<A
-href="mailto:pgman at candle.pha.pa.us">pgman at candle.pha.pa.us</a>)<br />
+href="mailto:bruce@momjian.us">bruce@momjian.us</a>)<br />
Maintainer of Japanese Translation: Jun Kuwamura (<A
href="mailto:juk at PostgreSQL.jp">juk at PostgreSQL.jp</a>)<br /></p>
<p>¤³¤Îʸ½ñ¤ÎºÇ¿·ÈǤÏ<a href=
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ href="mailto:juk at PostgreSQL.jp">juk at PostgreSQL.jp</a>)<br /></p>
<a href="#item1.3">1.3</a>) PostgreSQL¤ÎÃøºî¸¢¤Ï¤É¤¦¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©<br />
<a href="#item1.4">1.4</a>) PostgreSQL¤ò¥µ¥Ý¡¼¥È¤¹¤ë¥×¥é¥Ã¥È¥Û¡¼¥à¤Ï¡©<br />
<a href="#item1.5">1.5</a>) PostgreSQL¤Ï¤É¤³¤«¤éÆþ¼ê¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©<br />
-<a href="#item1.6">1.6</a>) ºÇ¿·ÈǤϤɤì¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©<br />
+<a href="#item1.6">1.6</a>) ºÇ¿·¤Î¥ê¥ê¡¼¥¹¤Ï¤É¤ì¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©<br />
<a href="#item1.7">1.7</a>) ¥µ¥Ý¡¼¥È¤Ï¤É¤³¤Ç¼õ¤±¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©<br />
<a href="#item1.8">1.8</a>) ¥Ð¥°¥ì¥Ý¡¼¥È¤Ï¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ëȯ¿®¤·¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©<br />
<a href="#item1.9">1.9</a>) ´ûÃΤΥХ°¤ä̤¤À̵¤¤µ¡Ç½¤Ï¤É¤¦¤ä¤Ã¤Æ¸«¤Ä¤±¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©<br />
<a href="#item1.10">1.10</a>) ¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Êʸ½ñ¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©<br />
<a href="#item1.11">1.11</a>) <small>SQL</small>¤Ï¤É¤¦¤¹¤ì¤Ð³Ø¤Ù¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©<br />
-<a href="#item1.12">1.12</a>) ³«È¯¥Á¡¼¥à¤Ë¤Ï¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë»²²Ã¤·¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©<br />
+<a href="#item1.12">1.12</a>) ¥Ñ¥Ã¥Á¤òÄ󶡤·¤¿¤ê¡¢³«È¯¥Á¡¼¥à»²²Ã¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤Ï¤É¤¦¤¹¤ì¤Ð¤è¤¤¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©<br />
<a href="#item1.13">1.13</a>) ¾¤Î<small>DBMS</small>¤ÈÈæ¤Ù¤ÆPostgreSQL¤Ï¤É¤¦¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©<br />
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ href="mailto:juk at PostgreSQL.jp">juk at PostgreSQL.jp</a>)<br /></p>
<a href="#item3.3">3.3</a>) ¤è¤êÎɤ¤À­Ç½¤òÆÀ¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Ù¡¼¥¹¡¦¥¨¥ó¥¸¥ó¤ò¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÄ´À°¤·¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©<br />
<a href="#item3.4">3.4</a>) ¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¥Ç¥Ð¥°µ¡Ç½¤¬»È¤¨¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©<br />
<a href="#item3.5">3.5</a>) Àܳ¤·¤è¤¦¤È¤¹¤ë¤È¤­¤Ë <i>'Sorry, too many clients'</i> ¤¬½Ð¤ë¤Î¤Ï¤Ê¤¼¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©<br />
-<a href="#item3.6">3.6</a>) PostgreSQL¤Î¥á¥¸¥ã¡¼¥ê¥ê¡¼¥¹¤ò¥¢¥Ã¥×¥Ç¡¼¥È¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ë¥À¥ó¥×¤È¥ê¥¹¥È¥¢¤ò¤·¤Ê¤¯¤Æ¤Ï¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ï¤Ê¤¼¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©<br />
+<a href="#item3.6">3.6</a>) PostgreSQL¤Î¥¢¥Ã¥×¥°¥ì¡¼¥É¤Î¼ê½ç¤Ï¤É¤¦¤·¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©<br />
<a href="#item3.7">3.7</a>) ¥Ï¡¼¥É¥¦¥§¥¢¤Ë¤Ï¤É¤ó¤Ê¥³¥ó¥Ô¥å¡¼¥¿¤ò»È¤¨¤Ð¤è¤¤¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©<br />
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ href="mailto:juk at PostgreSQL.jp">juk at PostgreSQL.jp</a>)<br /></p>
¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤¿¥×¥é¥Ã¥È¥Û¡¼¥à¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¥¤¥ó¥¹¥È¡¼¥ë¼ê°ú½ñ¤ËÎóµó¤·¤Æ¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
</p>
- <p>PostgreSQL ¤Ï¡¢Win2000, WinXP, ¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢Win2003 ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê Microsoft
+ <p>PostgreSQL ¤Ï¡¢Win2000 SP4, WinXP, ¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢Win2003 ¤Ê¤É Microsoft
Windows NT¥Ù¡¼¥¹¤Î¥ª¥Ú¥ì¡¼¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ç¡¢¥Í¥¤¥Æ¥£¥Ö¤ËÁö¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
¤¢¤é¤«¤¸¤á¥Ñ¥Ã¥±¡¼¥¸¤Ë¤µ¤ì¤¿¥¤¥ó¥¹¥È¡¼¥é¤¬<a href=
"http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller">
@@ -255,9 +255,9 @@ href="mailto:juk at PostgreSQL.jp">juk at PostgreSQL.jp</a>)<br /></p>
ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/</a> ¤ò»È¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£</p>
-<h4 id="item1.6">1.6</a>) ºÇ¿·ÈǤϤɤì¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©</h4>
+<h4 id="item1.6">1.6</a>) ºÇ¿·¤Î¥ê¥ê¡¼¥¹¤Ï¤É¤ì¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©</h4>
- <p>PostgreSQL ¤ÎºÇ¿·ÈǤϥС¼¥¸¥ç¥ó 8.1.3 ¤Ç¤¹¡£</p>
+ <p>PostgreSQL ¤ÎºÇ¿·ÈǤϥС¼¥¸¥ç¥ó 8.1.4 ¤Ç¤¹¡£</p>
<p>²æ¡¹¤Ï¡¢1ǯËè¤Ë¥á¥¸¥ã¡¼¥ê¥ê¡¼¥¹¤ò¡¢¿ô¥õ·î¤´¤È¤Î¥Þ¥¤¥Ê¡¼¥ê¥ê¡¼¥¹¤ò
¹Ô¤Ê¤¦¤³¤È¤ò·×²è¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£</p>
@@ -304,8 +304,8 @@ href="mailto:juk at PostgreSQL.jp">juk at PostgreSQL.jp</a>)<br /></p>
</pre></small></p>
<p>¾¦ÍÑ¥µ¥Ý¡¼¥È²ñ¼Ò¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ï<a
- href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php">
- http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php</a>¤Ë¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£</p>
+ href="http://www.postgresql.org/support/professional_support">
+ http://www.postgresql.org/support/professional_support</a>¤Ë¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£</p>
<h4 id="item1.8">1.8</a>) ¥Ð¥°¥ì¥Ý¡¼¥È¤Ï¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ëȯ¿®¤·¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©
@@ -442,11 +442,20 @@ href="mailto:juk at PostgreSQL.jp">juk at PostgreSQL.jp</a>)<br /></p>
<p>ÁÇÀ²¤é¤·¤¤¼ê°ú½ñ¤Ï¡¢<a href=
- "http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm">http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm,</a>
- <a href=
- "http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM">
- http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM,</a>
- ¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢<a href="http://sqlcourse.com/">http://sqlcourse.com</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li> <a href="http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm">http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm</a>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <a href="http://sqlcourse.com/">http://sqlcourse.com</a>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/sql/default.asp">http://www.w3schools.com/sql/default.asp</a>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href=
+ "http://mysite.verizon.net/Graeme_Birchall/id1.html">http://mysite.verizon.net/Graeme_Birchall/id1.html</a>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
¤Ë¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£</p>
@@ -470,7 +479,7 @@ http://www.postgresql.jp/PostgreSQL/references.html</a>
]
</pre></small></p>
-<h4 id="item1.12">1.12</a>) ³«È¯¥Á¡¼¥à¤Ë¤Ï¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë»²²Ã¤·¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©</h4>
+<h4 id="item1.12">1.12</a>) ¥Ñ¥Ã¥Á¤òÄ󶡤·¤¿¤ê¡¢³«È¯¥Á¡¼¥à»²²Ã¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤Ï¤É¤¦¤¹¤ì¤Ð¤è¤¤¤Ç¤¹¤«¡©</h4>
<p><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.FAQ_DEV.html">
¡Ê³«È¯¼Ô¸þ¤±¤Î¡ËDeveloper's FAQ</a>¤ò¤´¤é¤ó¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£</p>
@@ -580,10 +589,7 @@ http://www.postgresql.jp/PostgreSQL/references.html</a>
<h4 id="item2.3">2.3</a>) PostgreSQL ¤Ë¥°¥é¥Õ¥£¥«¥ë¡¦¥æ¡¼¥¶¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥Õ¥§¡¼¥¹¤Ï¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¤«¡©</h4>
- <p>¤â¤Á¤í¤ó¡¢¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
- ¾ÜºÙ¤Ï¡¢<a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools">http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools</a>
- ¤ò¤´¤é¤ó¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£</p>
-
+ <p>¾¦ÍѤȥª¡¼¥×¥ó¥½¡¼¥¹³«È¯¼Ô¤Ë¤è¤ë¤â¤ÎξÊý¤Ç¡¢PostgreSQL¤Ë¤Ï¿¤¯¤ÎGUI¥Ä¡¼¥ë¤¬ÍøÍѲÄǽ¤Ç¡¢¾ÜºÙ¤Ê¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ï¡¢<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/techdocs.54">PostgreSQL¥³¥ß¥å¥Ë¥Æ¥£Ê¸½ñ</a> ¤Ç¤´¤é¤ó¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£</p>
<hr />
@@ -646,12 +652,13 @@ http://www.postgresql.jp/PostgreSQL/references.html</a>
<dt><b>¥Ï¡¼¥É¥¦¥§¥¢¤ÎÁªÄê</b></dt>
- <dd>À­Ç½¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¥Ï¡¼¥É¥¦¥§¥¢¤Î±Æ¶Á¤Ï <a
- href="http://candle.pha.pa.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html">
- http://candle.pha.pa.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html</a>
+ <dd>À­Ç½¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¥Ï¡¼¥É¥¦¥§¥¢¤Î±Æ¶Á¤Ï
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+ http://www.powerpostgresql.com/PerfList/</a> ¤È¡¢ <a
+ href="http://momjian.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html">
+ http://momjian.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html</a>
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@@ -680,16 +687,25 @@ http://www.postgresql.jp/PostgreSQL/references.html</a>
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@@ -790,7 +806,8 @@ http://www.postgresql.jp/PostgreSQL/references.html</a>
</p>
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+ ¥µ¥¤¥º¤Ï¥Æ¡¼¥Ö¥ë¥Ñ¡¼¥Æ¥£¥·¥ç¥ó¤ò»È¤Ã¤ÆÁý¤ä¤¹¤³¤È¤â¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£</p>
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@@ -1061,21 +1078,21 @@ http://www.postgresql.jp/PostgreSQL/references.html</a>
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+ <small>OID</small>¤Ï¼«Æ°Åª¤Ë4¥Ð¥¤¥È¤ÎÀ°¿ô¤ÇÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ï¡¢Á´¥¤¥ó
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+ ¥í¡¼¤·¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢<small>OID</small>¤Ï½ÅÊ£¤ò¤·¤Ï¤¸¤á¤Þ¤¹¡£PostgreSQL¤Ï
+ ÆâÉô¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¥Æ¡¼¥Ö¥ë¤ò°ì½ï¤Ë¥ê¥ó¥¯¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë<small>OID</small> ¤ò»È
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- O<small>ID</small> ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯ <small>SERIAL</small> ¤ò»È¤¦¤Î¤¬ºÇ¤â¤è¤¤
+ <small>OID</small> ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯ <small>SERIAL</small> ¤ò»È¤¦¤Î¤¬ºÇ¤â¤è¤¤
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- <p>C<small>TID</small> ¤Ï¡¢ÆÃÄê¤ÎʪÍý¥í¥¦¤ò¥Ö¥í¥Ã¥¯¤È¥ª¥Õ¥»¥Ã¥È¤ÎÃÍ
- ¤Ç¼±Ê̤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£C<small>TID</small>¤Ï¡¢¥í¥¦¤¬½¤Àµ¤µ¤ì¤¿
+ <p><small>CTID</small> ¤Ï¡¢ÆÃÄê¤ÎʪÍý¥í¥¦¤ò¥Ö¥í¥Ã¥¯¤È¥ª¥Õ¥»¥Ã¥È¤ÎÃÍ
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@@ -1237,7 +1254,7 @@ http://www.postgresql.jp/PostgreSQL/references.html</a>
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- ºÇ½ª¹¹¿·Æü: 2006ǯ04·î03Æü
+ ºÇ½ª¹¹¿·Æü: 2006ǯ08·î19Æü
ËÝÌõ¼Ô: ·¬Â¼ ½á (<a href="mailto:juk at PostgreSQL.jp">Jun Kuwamura &lt;juk at PostgreSQL.jp&gt;</a>)
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@@ -1246,7 +1263,7 @@ http://www.postgresql.jp/PostgreSQL/references.html</a>
Àаæ ãÉ×(<a href="mailto:t-ishii at sra.co.jp">Tatsuo ISHII &lt;t-ishii at sra.co.jp&gt;</a>)
óîÆ£ ÃοÍ(<a href="mailto:tomos at elelab.nsc.co.jp">Tomohito SAITOH &lt;tomos at elelab.nsc.co.jp&gt;</a>)
ÇϾì È¥(<a href="mailto:baba at kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp">Hajime BABA &lt;baba at kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp&gt;</a>)
- ²¬ËÜ °ì¹¬(<a href="mailto:kaz-okamoto at hitachi-system.co.jp">Kazuyuki OKAMOTO &lt;kokamoto at itg.hitachi.co.jp&gt;</a>)
+ ²¬ËÜ °ì¹¬(<a href="mailto:kaz-okamoto at hitachi-system.co.jp">Kazuyuki OKAMOTO &lt;kaz-okamoto at hitachi-system.co.jp&gt;</a>)
¾®¿û ¾¼°ì(<a href="mailto:s-kosuge at str.hitachi.co.jp">Shoichi Kosuge &lt;s-kosuge at str.hitachi.co.jp&gt;</a>)
»³²¼ µÁÇ·(<a href="mailto:dica at eurus.dti.ne.jp">Yoshiyuki YAMASHITA &lt;dica at eurus.dti.ne.jp&gt;</a>)
¶­ ¿¿ÂÀϺ(<a href="mailto:s_sakai at mxn.mesh.ne.jp">Sintaro SAKAI &lt;s_sakai at mxn.mesh.ne.jp&gt;</a>)
diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_russian.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_russian.html
index e926c29dc53..0666da595ed 100644
--- a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_russian.html
+++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_russian.html
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
<BODY bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#ff0000" vlink="#a00000" alink="#0000ff">
<H1>ïÔ×ÅÔÙ ÎÁ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÙ ÐÏ PostgreSQL</H1>
- <P>äÁÔÁ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÇÏ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ: ðÑÔÎÉÃÁ 24 ÆÅ×ÒÁÌÑ 23:28:40 EDT 2006</P>
+ <P>äÁÔÁ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÇÏ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ: ÷ÏÓËÒÅÓÅÎØÅ 18 ÉÀÎÑ 15:33:25 EDT 2006</P>
<P>áÎÇÌÉÊÓËÉÊ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔ ÓÏÐÒÏ×ÏÖÄÁÅÔ: âÒÀÓ íÏÍØÑÎ (Bruce Momjian) (<A href=
"mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</A>)<BR>
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@
<A href="#item1.3">1.3</A>) ëÁËÏ×Ù Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÅ ÐÒÁ×Á ÎÁ PostgreSQL?<BR>
<A href="#item1.4">1.4</A>) îÁ ËÁËÉÈ ÐÌÁÔÆÏÒÍÁÈ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ PostgreSQL?<BR>
<A href="#item1.5">1.5</A>) çÄÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ×ÚÑÔØ PostgreSQL?<BR>
- <A href="#item1.6">1.6</A>) ëÁËÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÑÑ?<BR>
+ <A href="#item1.6">1.6</A>) ëÁËÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ Ó×ÅÖÁÑ?<BR>
<A href="#item1.7">1.7</A>) çÄÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÕ?<BR>
<A href="#item1.8">1.8</A>) ëÁË ÍÎÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÉÔØ Ï ÏÛÉÂËÅ?<BR>
<A href="#item1.9">1.9</A>) ëÁË ÎÁÊÔÉ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÙÈ ÏÛÉÂËÁÈ ÉÌÉ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÈ
×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÑÈ?<BR>
<A href="#item1.10">1.10</A>) ëÁËÁÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÑ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ × ÎÁÌÉÞÉÉ?<BR>
<A href="#item1.11">1.11</A>) ëÁË ÎÁÕÞÉÔØÓÑ <SMALL>SQL</SMALL>?<BR>
- <A href="#item1.12">1.12</A>) ëÁË ÐÒÉÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔÓÑ Ë ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ×?<BR>
+ <A href="#item1.12">1.12</A>) ëÁË ÍÎÅ ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÉÌÉ ÐÒÉÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔÓÑ Ë ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ×?<BR>
<A href="#item1.13">1.13</A>) ëÁË ÓÒÁ×ÎÉÔØ PostgreSQL Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ
<SMALL>óõâä</SMALL>?<BR>
@@ -64,8 +64,7 @@
<A href="#item3.4">3.4</A>) ëÁËÉÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÄÌÑ ÏÔÌÁÄËÉ ÅÓÔØ × ÎÁÌÉÞÉÉ?<BR>
<A href="#item3.5">3.5</A>) ðÏÞÅÍÕ Ñ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÀ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ <I>"Sorry, too many
clients"</I> ËÏÇÄÁ ÐÙÔÁÀÓØ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÉÔØÓÑ Ë ÂÁÚÅ?<BR>
- <A href="#item3.6">3.6</A>) ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÄÅÌÁÔØ dump É restore ÐÒÉ
- ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ×ÙÐÕÓËÏ× PostgreSQL?<BR>
+ <A href="#item3.6">3.6</A>) ëÁË ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ PostgreSQL?<BR>
<A href="#item3.7">3.7</A>) ëÁËÏÅ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÎÏÅ "ÖÅÌÅÚÏ" Ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ?<BR>
@@ -222,9 +221,9 @@
<A href="ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/">ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/</A>.</P>
- <H3><A name="item1.6">1.6</A>) ëÁËÁÑ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÑÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ?</H3>
+ <H3><A name="item1.6">1.6</A>) ëÁËÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ Ó×ÅÖÁÑ?</H3>
- <P>ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÊ ×ÙÐÕÓË PostgreSQL - ÜÔÏ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ 8.1.3</P>
+ <P>ðÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÊ ×ÙÐÕÓË PostgreSQL - ÜÔÏ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ 8.1.4</P>
<P>íÙ ÐÌÁÎÉÒÕÅÍ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ÓÔÁÒÛÉÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÇÏÄ,
Á ÍÌÁÄÛÉÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ËÁÖÄÙÅ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÍÅÓÑÃÅ×.</P>
@@ -369,14 +368,20 @@
Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley. äÒÕÇÉÍ ÎÒÁ×ÉÔÓÑ <I>The
Complete Reference SQL</I>, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill.</P>
- åÓÔØ ÐÒÅËÒÁÓÎÙÊ ÕÞÅÂÎÉË ÎÁ <A href=
- "http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm">http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm,</A>
- ÎÁ <A href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM">
- http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM,</A>
- É ÎÁ <A href="http://sqlcourse.com/">http://sqlcourse.com.</A></P>
-
+ <P>óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÐÒÅËÒÁÓÎÙÈ ÕÞÅÂÎÉËÏ× ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÈ × online:
+ <UL>
+ <LI><A href="http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm">http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm,</A>
+ </LI>
+ <LI><A href="http://sqlcourse.com/">http://sqlcourse.com.</A>
+ </LI>
+ <LI><A href="http://www.w3schools.com/sql/default.asp">http://www.w3school.com/sql/default.asp</A>
+ </LI>
+ <LI><A href="http://mysite.verizon.net/Graeme_Birchall/id1.html">http://mysite.verizon.net/Graeme_Birchall/id1.html</A>
+ </LI>
+ </UL>
+ </P>
- <H3><A name="item1.12">1.12</A>) ëÁË ÐÒÉÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔÓÑ Ë ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ×?</H3>
+ <H3><A name="item1.12">1.12</A>) ëÁË ÍÎÅ ÐÒÉÓÌÁÔØ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÉÌÉ ÐÒÉÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔÓÑ Ë ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ×?</H3>
<P>óÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.FAQ_DEV.html">
FAQ ÄÌÑ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ×</A>.</P>
@@ -483,8 +488,10 @@
<H3><A name="item2.3">2.3</A>) åÓÔØ ÌÉ Õ PostgreSQL ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓ
ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ?</H3>
- <P>äÁ, ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ × <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools">
- http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools</A>.</P>
+ <P>äÌÑ PostgreSQL ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÏ× Ó
+ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÍ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÏÍ ËÁË ËÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÉÈ, ÔÁË É ÏÔËÒÙÔÙÈ. ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÓÔÉ
+ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ × <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/techdocs.54">
+ äÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÓÔ×Á PostgreSQL</A></P>
<HR>
@@ -549,7 +556,7 @@
<DT><B>÷ÙÂÏÒ "ÖÅÌÅÚÁ" - ÁÐÐÁÒÁÔÎÏÇÏ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÑ</B></DT>
<DD>÷ÌÉÑÎÉÅ "ÖÅÌÅÚÁ" ÎÁ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÏ ×
- <A href="http://candle.pha.pa.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html">
+ <A href="http://momjian.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html">
http://candle.pha.pa.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html</A> É
<A href="http://www.powerpostgresql.com/PerfList/">
http://www.powerpostgresql.com/PerfList/</A>.
@@ -576,24 +583,27 @@
É ÐÅÒÅÓÔÁÒÔÏ×ÁÔØ <I>postmaster</I>.</P>
- <H3><A name="item3.6">3.6</A>) ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÄÅÌÁÔØ dump É restore ÐÒÉ
- ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ×ÙÐÕÓËÏ× PostgreSQL?</H3>
+ <H3><A name="item3.6">3.6</A>) ëÁË ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ PostgreSQL?</H3>
+
+ <P>íÅÖÄÕ ÐÏÄ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÍÉ, ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÉ PostgreSQL ÄÅÌÁÀÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ
+ ÏÛÉÂÏË. ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ó ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 7.4.8 ÄÏ 7.4.9 ÎÅ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ
+ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ dump É restore; ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÏÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ, ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ
+ ÏÂÎÏ×Ì£ÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ óõâä É ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ.</P>
- <P>òÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÉ PostgreSQL ÄÅÌÁÀÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÉÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÍÅÖÄÕ
- ÐÏÄ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÍÉ. ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ó ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 7.4.0 ÄÏ 7.4.1 ÎÅ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ
- ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ dump É restore. ïÄÎÁËÏ ÐÒÉ ×ÙÈÏÄÅ ÏÞÅÒÅÄÎÏÇÏ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁ
+ <P>÷ÓÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÔØÓÑ ÎÁ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ Ó×ÅÖÕÀ ÐÏÄ×ÅÒÓÉÀ
+ ËÁË ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÎÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ. ÷ ÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ ËÁË ËÁÖÄÏÅ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ
+ ÐÏÄÒÁÚÕÍÅ×ÁÅÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÒÉÓË, ÐÏÄ×ÅÒÓÉÉ PostgreSQL ÒÁÚÒÁÂÙÔÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ
+ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÏÂÝÉÈ ÏÛÉÂÏË Ó ÍÉÎÉÍÁÌØÎÙÍ ÒÉÓËÏÍ. ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ, ×ÁÛ
+ ÒÉÓË Ó×ÑÚÁÎ ÔÏÌØËÏ Ó ÓÁÍÉÍ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ.</P>
+
+
+ <P>ðÒÉ ×ÙÈÏÄÅ ÏÞÅÒÅÄÎÏÇÏ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁ
(Ô.Å. ÐÒÉ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÉ ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, Ó 7.3 ÎÁ 7.4) ÞÁÓÔÏ ÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÉÊ
ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÈ ÔÁÂÌÉÃ É ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÄÁÎÎÙÈ. üÔÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÎÏÓÑÔ
- ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓÎÙÊ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÎÅÔ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÉÔØ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÕÀ
- ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔØ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÄÁÎÎÙÈ. ÷ÙÐÏÌÅÎÉÅ dump ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ
- × ÏÂÝÅÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÚÁÔÅÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÇÒÕÖÅÎ ÐÒÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ
- ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÅÇÏ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ.</P>
+ ÓÌÏÖÎÙÊ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÎÅ ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÅÍ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÕÀ
+ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÉÍÏÓÔØ ÄÌÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÄÁÎÎÙÈ. ÷ ÜÔÉÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÂÁÚÙ
+ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ dump/restore.</P>
- <P>÷ ÔÅÈ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÈ, ÇÄÅ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ ÄÉÓËÅ ÎÅ ÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ, ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏ×ÅÄÅÎÉÑ
- ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎ ÓÃÅÎÁÒÉÊ <i>pg_upgrade</i> ÂÅÚ
- ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ dump/restore. ëÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ Ë ×ÙÐÕÓËÕ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔ ËÏÇÄÁ ÍÏÖÎÏ
- ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ <i>pg_upgrade</i> ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁ.</P>
-
<H3><A name="item3.7">3.7</A>) ëÁËÏÅ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÎÏÅ "ÖÅÌÅÚÏ" Ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ?</H3>
@@ -684,7 +694,7 @@
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>íÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÓÔÒÏËÉ?</TD>
- <TD>1.6 TB</TD>
+ <TD>400 Gb</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>íÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÐÏÌÑ?</TD>
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2025-05-24 11:52:13 +0000