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+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * unix_latch.c
+ * Routines for inter-process latches
+ *
+ * A latch is a boolean variable, with operations that let you to sleep
+ * until it is set. A latch can be set from another process, or a signal
+ * handler within the same process.
+ *
+ * The latch interface is a reliable replacement for the common pattern of
+ * using pg_usleep() or select() to wait until a signal arrives, where the
+ * signal handler sets a global variable. Because on some platforms, an
+ * incoming signal doesn't interrupt sleep, and even on platforms where it
+ * does there is a race condition if the signal arrives just before
+ * entering the sleep, the common pattern must periodically wake up and
+ * poll the global variable. pselect() system call was invented to solve
+ * the problem, but it is not portable enough. Latches are designed to
+ * overcome these limitations, allowing you to sleep without polling and
+ * ensuring a quick response to signals from other processes.
+ *
+ * There are two kinds of latches: local and shared. A local latch is
+ * initialized by InitLatch, and can only be set from the same process.
+ * A local latch can be used to wait for a signal to arrive, by calling
+ * SetLatch in the signal handler. A shared latch resides in shared memory,
+ * and must be initialized at postmaster startup by InitSharedLatch. Before
+ * a shared latch can be waited on, it must be associated with a process
+ * with OwnLatch. Only the process owning the latch can wait on it, but any
+ * process can set it.
+ *
+ * There are three basic operations on a latch:
+ *
+ * SetLatch - Sets the latch
+ * ResetLatch - Clears the latch, allowing it to be set again
+ * WaitLatch - Waits for the latch to become set
+ *
+ * The correct pattern to wait for an event is:
+ *
+ * for (;;)
+ * {
+ * ResetLatch();
+ * if (work to do)
+ * Do Stuff();
+ *
+ * WaitLatch();
+ * }
+ *
+ * It's important to reset the latch *before* checking if there's work to
+ * do. Otherwise, if someone sets the latch between the check and the
+ * ResetLatch call, you will miss it and Wait will block.
+ *
+ * To wake up the waiter, you must first set a global flag or something
+ * else that the main loop tests in the "if (work to do)" part, and call
+ * SetLatch *after* that. SetLatch is designed to return quickly if the
+ * latch is already set.
+ *
+ *
+ * Implementation
+ * --------------
+ *
+ * The Unix implementation uses the so-called self-pipe trick to overcome
+ * the race condition involved with select() and setting a global flag
+ * in the signal handler. When a latch is set and the current process
+ * is waiting for it, the signal handler wakes up the select() in
+ * WaitLatch by writing a byte to a pipe. A signal by itself doesn't
+ * interrupt select() on all platforms, and even on platforms where it
+ * does, a signal that arrives just before the select() call does not
+ * prevent the select() from entering sleep. An incoming byte on a pipe
+ * however reliably interrupts the sleep, and makes select() to return
+ * immediately if the signal arrives just before select() begins.
+ *
+ * When SetLatch is called from the same process that owns the latch,
+ * SetLatch writes the byte directly to the pipe. If it's owned by another
+ * process, SIGUSR1 is sent and the signal handler in the waiting process
+ * writes the byte to the pipe on behalf of the signaling process.
+ *
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2010, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
+ *
+ * IDENTIFICATION
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/port/unix_latch.c,v 1.1 2010/09/11 15:48:04 heikki Exp $
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "storage/latch.h"
+#include "storage/shmem.h"
+
+/* Are we currently in WaitLatch? The signal handler would like to know. */
+static volatile sig_atomic_t waiting = false;
+
+/* Read and write end of the self-pipe */
+static int selfpipe_readfd = -1;
+static int selfpipe_writefd = -1;
+
+/* private function prototypes */
+static void initSelfPipe(void);
+static void drainSelfPipe(void);
+static void sendSelfPipeByte(void);
+
+
+/*
+ * Initialize a backend-local latch.
+ */
+void
+InitLatch(volatile Latch *latch)
+{
+ /* Initialize the self pipe if this is our first latch in the process */
+ if (selfpipe_readfd == -1)
+ initSelfPipe();
+
+ latch->is_set = false;
+ latch->owner_pid = MyProcPid;
+ latch->is_shared = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Initialize a shared latch that can be set from other processes. The latch
+ * is initially owned by no-one, use OwnLatch to associate it with the
+ * current process.
+ *
+ * NB: When you introduce a new shared latch, you must increase the shared
+ * latch count in NumSharedLatches in win32_latch.c!
+ */
+void
+InitSharedLatch(volatile Latch *latch)
+{
+ latch->is_set = false;
+ latch->owner_pid = 0;
+ latch->is_shared = true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Associate a shared latch with the current process, allowing it to
+ * wait on it.
+ *
+ * Make sure that latch_sigusr1_handler() is called from the SIGUSR1 signal
+ * handler, as shared latches use SIGUSR1 to for inter-process communication.
+ */
+void
+OwnLatch(volatile Latch *latch)
+{
+ Assert(latch->is_shared);
+
+ /* Initialize the self pipe if this is our first latch in the process */
+ if (selfpipe_readfd == -1)
+ initSelfPipe();
+
+ if (latch->owner_pid != 0)
+ elog(ERROR, "latch already owned");
+ latch->owner_pid = MyProcPid;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Disown a shared latch currently owned by the current process.
+ */
+void
+DisownLatch(volatile Latch *latch)
+{
+ Assert(latch->is_shared);
+ Assert(latch->owner_pid == MyProcPid);
+ latch->owner_pid = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Wait for given latch to be set or until timeout is exceeded.
+ * If the latch is already set, the function returns immediately.
+ *
+ * The 'timeout' is given in microseconds, and -1 means wait forever.
+ * On some platforms, signals cause the timeout to be restarted, so beware
+ * that the function can sleep for several times longer than the specified
+ * timeout.
+ *
+ * The latch must be owned by the current process, ie. it must be a
+ * backend-local latch initialized with InitLatch, or a shared latch
+ * associated with the current process by calling OwnLatch.
+ *
+ * Returns 'true' if the latch was set, or 'false' if timeout was reached.
+ */
+bool
+WaitLatch(volatile Latch *latch, long timeout)
+{
+ return WaitLatchOrSocket(latch, PGINVALID_SOCKET, timeout) > 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Like WaitLatch, but will also return when there's data available in
+ * 'sock' for reading. Returns 0 if timeout was reached, 1 if the latch
+ * was set, or 2 if the scoket became readable.
+ */
+int
+WaitLatchOrSocket(volatile Latch *latch, pgsocket sock, long timeout)
+{
+ struct timeval tv, *tvp = NULL;
+ fd_set input_mask;
+ int rc;
+ int result = 0;
+
+ if (latch->owner_pid != MyProcPid)
+ elog(ERROR, "cannot wait on a latch owned by another process");
+
+ /* Initialize timeout */
+ if (timeout >= 0)
+ {
+ tv.tv_sec = timeout / 1000000L;
+ tv.tv_usec = timeout % 1000000L;
+ tvp = &tv;
+ }
+
+ waiting = true;
+ for (;;)
+ {
+ int hifd;
+
+ /*
+ * Clear the pipe, and check if the latch is set already. If someone
+ * sets the latch between this and the select() below, the setter
+ * will write a byte to the pipe (or signal us and the signal handler
+ * will do that), and the select() will return immediately.
+ */
+ drainSelfPipe();
+ if (latch->is_set)
+ {
+ result = 1;
+ break;
+ }
+
+ FD_ZERO(&input_mask);
+ FD_SET(selfpipe_readfd, &input_mask);
+ hifd = selfpipe_readfd;
+ if (sock != PGINVALID_SOCKET)
+ {
+ FD_SET(sock, &input_mask);
+ if (sock > hifd)
+ hifd = sock;
+ }
+
+ rc = select(hifd + 1, &input_mask, NULL, NULL, tvp);
+ if (rc < 0)
+ {
+ if (errno == EINTR)
+ continue;
+ ereport(ERROR,
+ (errcode_for_socket_access(),
+ errmsg("select() failed: %m")));
+ }
+ if (rc == 0)
+ {
+ /* timeout exceeded */
+ result = 0;
+ break;
+ }
+ if (sock != PGINVALID_SOCKET && FD_ISSET(sock, &input_mask))
+ {
+ result = 2;
+ break; /* data available in socket */
+ }
+ }
+ waiting = false;
+
+ return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Sets a latch and wakes up anyone waiting on it. Returns quickly if the
+ * latch is already set.
+ */
+void
+SetLatch(volatile Latch *latch)
+{
+ pid_t owner_pid;
+
+ /* Quick exit if already set */
+ if (latch->is_set)
+ return;
+
+ latch->is_set = true;
+
+ /*
+ * See if anyone's waiting for the latch. It can be the current process
+ * if we're in a signal handler. We use the self-pipe to wake up the
+ * select() in that case. If it's another process, send a signal.
+ *
+ * Fetch owner_pid only once, in case the owner simultaneously disowns
+ * the latch and clears owner_pid. XXX: This assumes that pid_t is
+ * atomic, which isn't guaranteed to be true! In practice, the effective
+ * range of pid_t fits in a 32 bit integer, and so should be atomic. In
+ * the worst case, we might end up signaling wrong process if the right
+ * one disowns the latch just as we fetch owner_pid. Even then, you're
+ * very unlucky if a process with that bogus pid exists.
+ */
+ owner_pid = latch->owner_pid;
+ if (owner_pid == 0)
+ return;
+ else if (owner_pid == MyProcPid)
+ sendSelfPipeByte();
+ else
+ kill(owner_pid, SIGUSR1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Clear the latch. Calling WaitLatch after this will sleep, unless
+ * the latch is set again before the WaitLatch call.
+ */
+void
+ResetLatch(volatile Latch *latch)
+{
+ /* Only the owner should reset the latch */
+ Assert(latch->owner_pid == MyProcPid);
+
+ latch->is_set = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * LatchShmemSize
+ * Compute space needed for latch's shared memory
+ *
+ * Not needed for Unix implementation.
+ */
+Size
+LatchShmemSize(void)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * LatchShmemInit
+ * Allocate and initialize shared memory needed for latches
+ *
+ * Not needed for Unix implementation.
+ */
+void
+LatchShmemInit(void)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ * SetLatch uses SIGUSR1 to wake up the process waiting on the latch. Wake
+ * up WaitLatch.
+ */
+void
+latch_sigusr1_handler(void)
+{
+ if (waiting)
+ sendSelfPipeByte();
+}
+
+/* initialize the self-pipe */
+static void
+initSelfPipe(void)
+{
+ int pipefd[2];
+
+ /*
+ * Set up the self-pipe that allows a signal handler to wake up the
+ * select() in WaitLatch. Make the write-end non-blocking, so that
+ * SetLatch won't block if the event has already been set many times
+ * filling the kernel buffer. Make the read-end non-blocking too, so
+ * that we can easily clear the pipe by reading until EAGAIN or
+ * EWOULDBLOCK.
+ */
+ if (pipe(pipefd) < 0)
+ elog(FATAL, "pipe() failed: %m");
+ if (fcntl(pipefd[0], F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK) < 0)
+ elog(FATAL, "fcntl() failed on read-end of self-pipe: %m");
+ if (fcntl(pipefd[1], F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK) < 0)
+ elog(FATAL, "fcntl() failed on write-end of self-pipe: %m");
+
+ selfpipe_readfd = pipefd[0];
+ selfpipe_writefd = pipefd[1];
+}
+
+/* Send one byte to the self-pipe, to wake up WaitLatch */
+static void
+sendSelfPipeByte(void)
+{
+ int rc;
+ char dummy = 0;
+
+retry:
+ rc = write(selfpipe_writefd, &dummy, 1);
+ if (rc < 0)
+ {
+ /* If interrupted by signal, just retry */
+ if (errno == EINTR)
+ goto retry;
+
+ /*
+ * If the pipe is full, we don't need to retry, the data that's
+ * there already is enough to wake up WaitLatch.
+ */
+ if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK)
+ return;
+
+ /*
+ * Oops, the write() failed for some other reason. We might be in
+ * a signal handler, so it's not safe to elog(). We have no choice
+ * but silently ignore the error.
+ */
+ return;
+ }
+}
+
+/* Read all available data from the self-pipe */
+static void
+drainSelfPipe(void)
+{
+ /*
+ * There shouldn't normally be more than one byte in the pipe, or maybe
+ * a few more if multiple processes run SetLatch at the same instant.
+ */
+ char buf[16];
+ int rc;
+
+ for (;;)
+ {
+ rc = read(selfpipe_readfd, buf, sizeof(buf));
+ if (rc < 0)
+ {
+ if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK)
+ break; /* the pipe is empty */
+ else if (errno == EINTR)
+ continue; /* retry */
+ else
+ elog(ERROR, "read() on self-pipe failed: %m");
+ }
+ else if (rc == 0)
+ elog(ERROR, "unexpected EOF on self-pipe");
+ }
+}