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<sect1 id="functions-logical">
<title>Logical Operators</title>
<indexterm zone="functions-logical">
<primary>operator</primary>
<secondary>logical</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>Boolean</primary>
<secondary>operators</secondary>
<see>operators, logical</see>
</indexterm>
<para>
The usual logical operators are available:
<indexterm>
<primary>AND (operator)</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>OR (operator)</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>NOT (operator)</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>conjunction</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>disjunction</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>negation</primary>
</indexterm>
<synopsis>
<type>boolean</type> <literal>AND</literal> <type>boolean</type> <returnvalue>boolean</returnvalue>
<type>boolean</type> <literal>OR</literal> <type>boolean</type> <returnvalue>boolean</returnvalue>
<literal>NOT</literal> <type>boolean</type> <returnvalue>boolean</returnvalue>
</synopsis>
<acronym>SQL</acronym> uses a three-valued logic system with true,
false, and <literal>null</literal>, which represents <quote>unknown</quote>.
Observe the following truth tables:
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="4">
<thead>
<row>
<entry><replaceable>a</replaceable></entry>
<entry><replaceable>b</replaceable></entry>
<entry><replaceable>a</replaceable> AND <replaceable>b</replaceable></entry>
<entry><replaceable>a</replaceable> OR <replaceable>b</replaceable></entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>TRUE</entry>
<entry>TRUE</entry>
<entry>TRUE</entry>
<entry>TRUE</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>TRUE</entry>
<entry>FALSE</entry>
<entry>FALSE</entry>
<entry>TRUE</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>TRUE</entry>
<entry>NULL</entry>
<entry>NULL</entry>
<entry>TRUE</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>FALSE</entry>
<entry>FALSE</entry>
<entry>FALSE</entry>
<entry>FALSE</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>FALSE</entry>
<entry>NULL</entry>
<entry>FALSE</entry>
<entry>NULL</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>NULL</entry>
<entry>NULL</entry>
<entry>NULL</entry>
<entry>NULL</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<thead>
<row>
<entry><replaceable>a</replaceable></entry>
<entry>NOT <replaceable>a</replaceable></entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>TRUE</entry>
<entry>FALSE</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>FALSE</entry>
<entry>TRUE</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>NULL</entry>
<entry>NULL</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
<para>
The operators <literal>AND</literal> and <literal>OR</literal> are
commutative, that is, you can switch the left and right operands
without affecting the result. (However, it is not guaranteed that
the left operand is evaluated before the right operand. See <xref
linkend="syntax-express-eval"/> for more information about the
order of evaluation of subexpressions.)
</para>
</sect1>
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