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<Chapter Id="operators">
<Title>Operators</Title>
<Abstract>
<Para>
Describes the built-in operators available in <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>.
</Para>
</Abstract>
<Para>
<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> provides a large number of built-in operators on system types.
These operators are declared in the system catalog
pg_operator. Every entry in pg_operator includes
the name of the procedure that implements the operator and the
class <Acronym>OIDs</Acronym> of the input and output types.
<Para>
To view all variations of the <Quote>||</Quote> string concatenation operator, try
<ProgramListing>
SELECT oprleft, oprright, oprresult, oprcode
FROM pg_operator WHERE oprname = '||';
oprleft|oprright|oprresult|oprcode
-------+--------+---------+-------
25| 25| 25|textcat
1042| 1042| 1042|textcat
1043| 1043| 1043|textcat
(3 rows)
</ProgramListing>
</Para>
<sect1>
<title>General Operators</title>
<para>
The operators listed here are defined for a number of native data types, ranging
from numeric types to data/time types.
<Para>
<TABLE TOCENTRY="1">
<TITLE><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Operators</TITLE>
<TITLEABBREV>Operators</TITLEABBREV>
<TGROUP COLS="3">
<THEAD>
<ROW>
<ENTRY>Operator</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Description</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Usage</ENTRY>
</ROW>
</THEAD>
<TBODY>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> < </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Less than?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>1 < 2</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> <= </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Less than or equal to?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>1 <= 2</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> <> </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Not equal?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>1 <> 2</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> = </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Equal?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>1 = 1</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> > </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Greater than?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>2 > 1</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> >= </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Greater than or equal to?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>2 >= 1</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> || </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Concatenate strings</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'Postgre' || 'SQL'</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> !!= </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>NOT IN</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>3 !!= i</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ~~ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>LIKE</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'scrappy,marc,hermit' ~~ '%scrappy%'</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> !~~ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>NOT LIKE</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'bruce' !~~ '%al%'</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ~ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Match (regex), case sensitive</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'thomas' ~ '.*thomas.*'</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ~* </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Match (regex), case insensitive</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'thomas' ~* '.*Thomas.*'</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> !~ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Does not match (regex), case sensitive</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'thomas' !~ '.*Thomas.*'</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> !~* </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Does not match (regex), case insensitive</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'thomas' !~ '.*vadim.*'</ENTRY>
</ROW>
</TBODY>
</TGROUP>
</TABLE>
</Para>
<sect1>
<title>Numerical Operators</title>
<Para>
<TABLE TOCENTRY="1">
<TITLE><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Numerical Operators</TITLE>
<TITLEABBREV>Operators</TITLEABBREV>
<TGROUP COLS="3">
<THEAD>
<ROW>
<ENTRY>Operator</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Description</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Usage</ENTRY>
</ROW>
</THEAD>
<TBODY>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ! </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Factorial</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>3 !</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> !! </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Factorial (left operator)</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>!! 3</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> % </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Modulo</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>5 % 4</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> % </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Truncate</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>% 4.5</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> * </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Multiplication</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>2 * 3</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> + </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Addition</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>2 + 3</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> - </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Subtraction</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>2 - 3</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> / </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Division</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>4 / 2</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> : </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Natural Exponentiation</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>: 3.0</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ; </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Natural Logarithm</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>(; 5.0)</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> @ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Absolute value</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>@ -5.0</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ^ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Exponentiation</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>2.0 ^ 3.0</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> |/ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Square root</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>|/ 25.0</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ||/ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Cube root</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>||/ 27.0</ENTRY>
</ROW>
</TBODY>
</TGROUP>
</TABLE>
</Para>
<sect1>
<title>Geometric Operators</title>
<Para>
<TABLE TOCENTRY="1">
<TITLE><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Geometric Operators</TITLE>
<TITLEABBREV>Operators</TITLEABBREV>
<TGROUP COLS="3">
<THEAD>
<ROW>
<ENTRY>Operator</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Description</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Usage</ENTRY>
</ROW>
</THEAD>
<TBODY>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> + </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Translation</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,0),(1,1))'::box + '(2.0,0)'::point</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> - </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Translation</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,0),(1,1))'::box - '(2.0,0)'::point</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> * </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Scaling/rotation</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,0),(1,1))'::box * '(2.0,0)'::point</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> / </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Scaling/rotation</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,0),(2,2))'::box / '(2.0,0)'::point</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> # </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Intersection</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((1,-1),(-1,1))' # '((1,1),(-1,-1))'</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> # </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Number of points in polygon</ENTRY>
<ENTRY># '((1,0),(0,1),(-1,0))'</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ## </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Point of closest proximity</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'(0,0)'::point ## '((2,0),(0,2))'::lseg</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> && </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Overlaps?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,0),(1,1))'::box && '((0,0),(2,2))'::box</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> &< </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Overlaps to left?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,0),(1,1))'::box &< '((0,0),(2,2))'::box</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> &> </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Overlaps to right?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,0),(3,3))'::box &> '((0,0),(2,2))'::box</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> <-> </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Distance between</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,0),1)'::circle <-> '((5,0),1)'::circle</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> << </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Left of?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,0),1)'::circle << '((5,0),1)'::circle</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> <^ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Is below?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,0),1)'::circle <^ '((0,5),1)'::circle</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> >> </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Is right of?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((5,0),1)'::circle >> '((0,0),1)'::circle</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> >^ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Is above?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,5),1)'::circle >^ '((0,0),1)'::circle</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ?# </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Intersects or overlaps</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((-1,0),(1,0))'::lseg ?# '((-2,-2),(2,2))'::box;</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ?- </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Is horizontal?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'(1,0)'::point ?- '(0,0)'::point</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ?-| </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Is perpendicular?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,0),(0,1))'::lseg ?-| '((0,0),(1,0))'::lseg</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> @-@ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Length or circumference</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>@-@ '((0,0),(1,0))'::path</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ?| </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Is vertical?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'(0,1)'::point ?| '(0,0)'::point</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ?|| </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Is parallel?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((-1,0),(1,0))'::lseg ?|| '((-1,2),(1,2))'::lseg</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> @ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Contained or on</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'(1,1)'::point @ '((0,0),2)'::circle</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> @@ </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Center of</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>@@ '((0,0),10)'::circle</ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ~= </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Same as</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>'((0,0),(1,1))'::polygon ~= '((1,1),(0,0))'::polygon</ENTRY>
</ROW>
</TBODY>
</TGROUP>
</TABLE>
</Para>
<sect1>
<title>Time Interval Operators</title>
<Para>
The time interval data type <Type>tinterval</Type> is a legacy from the original
date/time types and is not as well supported as the more modern types. There
are several operators for this type.
<TABLE TOCENTRY="1">
<TITLE><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Time Interval Operators</TITLE>
<TITLEABBREV>Operators</TITLEABBREV>
<TGROUP COLS="3">
<THEAD>
<ROW>
<ENTRY>Operator</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Description</ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Usage</ENTRY>
</ROW>
</THEAD>
<TBODY>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> #< </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Interval less than?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY></ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> #<= </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Interval less than or equal to?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY></ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> #<> </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Interval not equal?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY></ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> #= </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Interval equal?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY></ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> #> </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Interval greater than?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY></ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> #>= </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Interval greater than or equal to?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY></ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> <#> </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Convert to time interval</ENTRY>
<ENTRY></ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> << </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Interval less than?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY></ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> | </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Start of interval</ENTRY>
<ENTRY></ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> ~= </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Same as</ENTRY>
<ENTRY></ENTRY>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<ENTRY> <?> </ENTRY>
<ENTRY>Time inside interval?</ENTRY>
<ENTRY></ENTRY>
</ROW>
</TBODY>
</TGROUP>
</TABLE>
</Para>
<Para>
Users may invoke operators using the operator name, as in:
<ProgramListing>
select * from emp where salary < 40000;
</ProgramListing>
Alternatively, users may call the functions that implement the
operators directly. In this case, the query above would be expressed
as:
<ProgramListing>
select * from emp where int4lt(salary, 40000);
</ProgramListing>
<Para>
<Application>psql</Application>
has a command (<Command>\dd</Command>) to show these operators.
</Chapter>
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